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<p>In this work, a defect-engineered one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) sensor is proposed for high-resolution urine refractive-index detection. The structure consists of alternating TiO₂/MgF₂ layers forming Bragg mirrors with a central urine-filled defect cavity, where a sharp localized resonance is generated inside the photonic band gap. Numerical analysis based on the transfer matrix method shows a stable red shift of the defect mode as the urine refractive index increases from 1.333 to 1.360. The proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity of 388.57&#xa0;nm/RIU with excellent linearity <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:({R}^{2}=0.999989)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, together with an average FWHM of 0.0305&#xa0;nm, an average Q-factor of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:2.55\times\:{10}^{4},\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and an average FOM of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:1.32\times\:{10}^{2}RI{U}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A tolerance analysis under ± 2.5% thickness variation confirms that the resonance remains narrow and well defined, demonstrating good fabrication robustness. The results also highlight an important principle in photonic sensing: sensor performance should not be judged by sensitivity alone, but by a balanced combination of sensitivity, linewidth, resonance quality, figure of merit, and tolerance against structural deviations. These findings indicate that the proposed design is a promising candidate for practical urine-based biomedical sensing applications. A comparison with representative previously reported photonic-crystal sensing platforms further confirms the balanced overall performance of the proposed design.</p>

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Enhanced urine refractive index sensing using a defect-engineered one-dimensional photonic crystal

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Arafa H. Aly

摘要

In this work, a defect-engineered one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) sensor is proposed for high-resolution urine refractive-index detection. The structure consists of alternating TiO₂/MgF₂ layers forming Bragg mirrors with a central urine-filled defect cavity, where a sharp localized resonance is generated inside the photonic band gap. Numerical analysis based on the transfer matrix method shows a stable red shift of the defect mode as the urine refractive index increases from 1.333 to 1.360. The proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity of 388.57 nm/RIU with excellent linearity \(\:({R}^{2}=0.999989)\) , together with an average FWHM of 0.0305 nm, an average Q-factor of \(\:2.55\times\:{10}^{4},\) and an average FOM of \(\:1.32\times\:{10}^{2}RI{U}^{-1}\) . A tolerance analysis under ± 2.5% thickness variation confirms that the resonance remains narrow and well defined, demonstrating good fabrication robustness. The results also highlight an important principle in photonic sensing: sensor performance should not be judged by sensitivity alone, but by a balanced combination of sensitivity, linewidth, resonance quality, figure of merit, and tolerance against structural deviations. These findings indicate that the proposed design is a promising candidate for practical urine-based biomedical sensing applications. A comparison with representative previously reported photonic-crystal sensing platforms further confirms the balanced overall performance of the proposed design.