<p>When coordinating decisions in latency-sensitive 6G networks, distributed agents must act without exchanging messages at runtime. A well-known obstacle arises from the CHSH (Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt) inequality, which caps classical coordination accuracy at <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(75\%\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> for the standard non-local game under a strict no-signaling protocol. We introduce eMARL (entanglement-assisted Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning), a learning framework in which agents share pre-distributed Bell pairs and learn measurement policies to surpass this classical ceiling. Across <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n=50\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> independent training runs, eMARL reaches a win rate of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(85.29\%\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> and a CHSH parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S = 2.817\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>, while transmitting zero bits during execution. Meanwhile, bandwidth-limited learned-communication baselines such as CommNet (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(71.6\%\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>) and TarMAC (<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(71.7\%\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>) suffer from training instability and fall short of even the classical optimum. We characterize performance under both depolarizing and photon-loss channels. The depolarizing analysis fixes a fidelity threshold for automatically falling back to classical policies; the loss analysis distinguishes the two operating regimes of photonic networks (heralded post-selection and unheralded amplitude damping), the former preserving the conditional quantum advantage but paying a <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\((1-\eta )^2\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> throughput penalty per round. We close the loop with a simplified Cell-Free MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)-inspired beamforming task, where eMARL recovers <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(95.3\%\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> of centralized throughput with zero runtime signaling. Taken together, these findings position entanglement as a promising coordination resource for CHSH-type distributed problems in principle.</p>

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eMARL: entanglement-assisted multi-agent learning for zero-signaling coordination in 6G edge networks

  • Sapthagiri Miriyala,
  • Venkata Ramireddy Chirra

摘要

When coordinating decisions in latency-sensitive 6G networks, distributed agents must act without exchanging messages at runtime. A well-known obstacle arises from the CHSH (Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt) inequality, which caps classical coordination accuracy at \(75\%\) for the standard non-local game under a strict no-signaling protocol. We introduce eMARL (entanglement-assisted Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning), a learning framework in which agents share pre-distributed Bell pairs and learn measurement policies to surpass this classical ceiling. Across \(n=50\) independent training runs, eMARL reaches a win rate of \(85.29\%\) and a CHSH parameter \(S = 2.817\), while transmitting zero bits during execution. Meanwhile, bandwidth-limited learned-communication baselines such as CommNet (\(71.6\%\)) and TarMAC (\(71.7\%\)) suffer from training instability and fall short of even the classical optimum. We characterize performance under both depolarizing and photon-loss channels. The depolarizing analysis fixes a fidelity threshold for automatically falling back to classical policies; the loss analysis distinguishes the two operating regimes of photonic networks (heralded post-selection and unheralded amplitude damping), the former preserving the conditional quantum advantage but paying a \((1-\eta )^2\) throughput penalty per round. We close the loop with a simplified Cell-Free MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)-inspired beamforming task, where eMARL recovers \(95.3\%\) of centralized throughput with zero runtime signaling. Taken together, these findings position entanglement as a promising coordination resource for CHSH-type distributed problems in principle.