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<p>Apple is a widely consumed fruit, but its quality can be compromised by mycotoxins such as patulin, produced mostly by <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, but also by the less-studied <i>Aspergillus clavatus</i>. This toxin poses a health risk, requiring effective control strategies. Biocontrol, particularly using yeasts, has gained attention as a promising method. In this study, we assessed the potential of different yeast strains to inhibit the growth of the patulin (PAT)-producing <i>A. clavatus</i> B9/6 and to remove patulin. While <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, previously reported as an antagonist of <i>P. expansum</i>, showed no inhibitory effects on <i>A. clavatus</i>, all 13 <i>Wickerhamomyces anomalus</i> strains studied exhibited antifungal activity to varying degrees. Among them, strains 01499, 0961, 0170, and 01655 showed the strongest inhibition. Notably, <i>W. anomalus</i> 01499 not only inhibited fungal growth but also removed patulin, reducing the toxin by 71% within 24&#xa0;h and achieving complete removal after 48&#xa0;h under the tested experimental conditions (10 ppm patulin in apple juice). In vivo assays in apples showed that pre-inoculation with <i>W. anomalus</i> 01499 strongly suppressed fungal infection, whereas delayed application resulted in more severe symptoms, emphasizing the importance of early intervention. Mechanistic studies revealed that patulin removal occurred primarily through cell wall binding (11%) and intracellular components (including enzymes) (33%), while no contribution from extracellular enzyme activity was detected. These results suggest that <i>W. anomalus</i> 01499 is a promising candidate for the biocontrol of <i>A. clavatus</i> and for reducing patulin contamination in apples. This study provides further evidence supporting the potential role of <i>W. anomalus</i> in patulin removal and fungal biocontrol.</p>

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Wickerhamomyces anomalus as a biocontrol agent against Aspergillus clavatus and patulin in apples

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Emelin Leandro Rodrigues,
  • Enikő Horváth-Szanics,
  • Olívia Csernus,
  • Zsolt Zalán,
  • Ildikó Bata-Vidács

摘要

Apple is a widely consumed fruit, but its quality can be compromised by mycotoxins such as patulin, produced mostly by Penicillium expansum, but also by the less-studied Aspergillus clavatus. This toxin poses a health risk, requiring effective control strategies. Biocontrol, particularly using yeasts, has gained attention as a promising method. In this study, we assessed the potential of different yeast strains to inhibit the growth of the patulin (PAT)-producing A. clavatus B9/6 and to remove patulin. While Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously reported as an antagonist of P. expansum, showed no inhibitory effects on A. clavatus, all 13 Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains studied exhibited antifungal activity to varying degrees. Among them, strains 01499, 0961, 0170, and 01655 showed the strongest inhibition. Notably, W. anomalus 01499 not only inhibited fungal growth but also removed patulin, reducing the toxin by 71% within 24 h and achieving complete removal after 48 h under the tested experimental conditions (10 ppm patulin in apple juice). In vivo assays in apples showed that pre-inoculation with W. anomalus 01499 strongly suppressed fungal infection, whereas delayed application resulted in more severe symptoms, emphasizing the importance of early intervention. Mechanistic studies revealed that patulin removal occurred primarily through cell wall binding (11%) and intracellular components (including enzymes) (33%), while no contribution from extracellular enzyme activity was detected. These results suggest that W. anomalus 01499 is a promising candidate for the biocontrol of A. clavatus and for reducing patulin contamination in apples. This study provides further evidence supporting the potential role of W. anomalus in patulin removal and fungal biocontrol.