Experimental and numerical investigation on basaltic soil under RC square footings

The accurate ability to predict the distribution of contact stress under reinforced concrete (RC) footings is important for the safety and serviceability of shallow foundations. Conventional analytical models idealizing the footing as rigid and soil as homogenous fail to capture the stress concentration and redistribution effects, especially under non-uniform loading. Earlier studies are mostly concentrated on sand; however, basalt soil has different mechanical characteristics as it possesses high stiffness, angularity, and interlocking effects. It also ignores stiffness loss due to concrete cracking. This study aims to fill these gaps through an experimental and numerical investigation of RC square footings resting on basaltic soil and the influence of the reinforcement ratio, yield strength of steel and strength of concrete. Within the laboratory conditions, four footings having different reinforcement ratios of 0.19%, 0.36%, 0.54% and 3.43% were tested under monotonic loading. Central and edge displacements were measured. Using a validated finite element model, a parametric study expanded the investigation to include reinforcement ratios of 0.54% to 4.80%, steel yield stresses of 240 MPa to 450 MPa and concrete compressive strengths of 20 MPa to 60 MPa, allowing systematic consideration of these parameters on central contact stress, ultimate load, deformation and energy absorption. The findings revealed that enhancing the reinforcement ratio from 0.54% to 4.80% resulted in an increase of 73.4% in central contact stress, 34.1% in ultimate load, and 55% in energy absorption, respectively. Increase in steel yield stress from 240 MPa to 450 MPa caused a 25.2% increase in central contact stress, 13% in ultimate load and 3.74% in energy absorption in laminated composite panel. The increase of concrete compressive strength from 20 MPa to 60 MPa increased central contact stress by 117.4% ultimate load by 70.4% and energy absorption by 270% showing this factor as dominant. These results show that the performance of footing on stiff basaltic soil mainly depends on the concrete strength and amount of reinforcement whereas careful use of steel yield stress. The insights provided by the study are critical for practical design. Furthermore, non-uniform contact stresses, stiffness degradation, and soil–structure interaction need to be accounted for optimizing strength and ductility.