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<p>Treating high-ammonia wastewater remains a significant challenge, primarily due to high energy consumption, risks of secondary pollution, and insufficient operational stability. Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs), a bioelectrochemical technology, offer potential for simultaneous pollutant removal and energy recovery. However, a systematic understanding of their performance under high ammonia loads (e.g., &gt; 1000&#xa0;mg/L NH<sub>4</sub>–N) and the coupled effects of key operational parameters is lacking. This study constructed a three-chamber MDC to evaluate the effects of inter-electrode spacing, initial desalination-chamber NH<sub>4</sub>-N concentration, and anodic substrate type on electrochemical output and apparent NH<sub>4</sub>-N migration-related performance under controlled batch conditions. In addition, desalination-chamber NH<sub>4</sub>-N concentration profiles were descriptively compared under different anodic COD levels. Results showed that decreases in NH<sub>4</sub>-N concentration in the desalination chamber were consistent with transmembrane ion transport under the tested batch conditions, as evaluated using the membrane-area-normalized apparent migration flux (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>). Shortening the inter-electrode spacing from 5.5 to 3.5&#xa0;cm increased the NH<sub>4</sub>-N migration removal rate (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{r}_{\text{mig}}\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>) from 2.12 to 3.17 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> from 42.4 to 63.4 mg m<sup>− 2</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup>. Compared with glucose, acetate increased <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> from 55.8 to 77.8 mg m<sup>− 2</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup>. These results identify operating-condition-dependent changes in apparent NH<sub>4</sub>-N migration-related performance and reveal their trade-off with power output and COD-removal-based coulombic efficiency (CE). The findings provide a laboratory-scale basis for subsequent contribution-partitioning studies and enrichment-side recovery coupling.</p>

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Performance and ammonium migration in a three-chamber microbial desalination cell under high ammonium loading

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Xiaoning Ma,
  • Guang Li,
  • Lianhong Li,
  • Xinrui Han,
  • Lulu Tang

摘要

Treating high-ammonia wastewater remains a significant challenge, primarily due to high energy consumption, risks of secondary pollution, and insufficient operational stability. Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs), a bioelectrochemical technology, offer potential for simultaneous pollutant removal and energy recovery. However, a systematic understanding of their performance under high ammonia loads (e.g., > 1000 mg/L NH4–N) and the coupled effects of key operational parameters is lacking. This study constructed a three-chamber MDC to evaluate the effects of inter-electrode spacing, initial desalination-chamber NH4-N concentration, and anodic substrate type on electrochemical output and apparent NH4-N migration-related performance under controlled batch conditions. In addition, desalination-chamber NH4-N concentration profiles were descriptively compared under different anodic COD levels. Results showed that decreases in NH4-N concentration in the desalination chamber were consistent with transmembrane ion transport under the tested batch conditions, as evaluated using the membrane-area-normalized apparent migration flux (\(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\)). Shortening the inter-electrode spacing from 5.5 to 3.5 cm increased the NH4-N migration removal rate (\(\:{r}_{\text{mig}}\)) from 2.12 to 3.17 mg L− 1 h− 1 and \(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\) from 42.4 to 63.4 mg m− 2 h− 1. Compared with glucose, acetate increased \(\:{J}_{\text{app}}\) from 55.8 to 77.8 mg m− 2 h− 1. These results identify operating-condition-dependent changes in apparent NH4-N migration-related performance and reveal their trade-off with power output and COD-removal-based coulombic efficiency (CE). The findings provide a laboratory-scale basis for subsequent contribution-partitioning studies and enrichment-side recovery coupling.