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<p>To clarify the recharge sources, water cycle evolution mechanisms, and water–rock interaction patterns of typical karst spring basins in the northern Taihang Mountains, this study investigated the Shuimocao karst spring group through a 1:50,000 hydrogeological survey and continuous dynamic monitoring of spring and river discharge. A total of 38 hydrochemical samples and 26 hydrogen and oxygen isotope samples were collected and tested. Integrating high-density resistivity profiling, hydrochemical identification, isotope tracing, and hydrological dynamic analysis, this study systematically explored the basin tectonic evolution, karst development features, hydrochemical signatures, and groundwater water cycle mechanisms, while elucidating the driving factors responsible for spring drying up. The results indicate that Meso-Cenozoic tectonic movements established the fundamental tectonic framework of the study basin. Highly soluble limestone of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation provides essential material conditions for karst development, whereas concealed faults and epikarst zones constitute dominant migration pathways for surface water and groundwater. Major hydrochemical ions are primarily derived from carbonate and silicate rock weathering, accompanied by staged cation exchange, while anthropogenic activities significantly disturb water quality in the spring discharge zone. Quantitative end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) identifies three groundwater recharge pathways: leakage from the Tongtian River (51.93%) serves as the primary recharge source, followed by Sanhui River leakage (28.79%) and lateral groundwater runoff from the Yebei area (19.29%). Precipitation only acts as an indirect, time-lagged driving factor rather than a direct water source. Overall, the spring system is predominantly recharged by river infiltration and secondarily by lateral groundwater inflow, forming a tectonically controlled water cycle pattern: “surface water infiltration – karst conduit migration – flow regulation by faults and aquicludes – concentrated spring discharge”. The extreme spring drying event in 2020 resulted from the superposition of extreme drought and persistent groundwater overexploitation, and groundwater flow field alteration induced by water level decline was the direct cause of well water turbidity. This study reveals the surface water–groundwater coupling mechanism of typical northern karst basins, providing a representative case and scientific reference for karst groundwater exploitation, spring ecological conservation, and analogous hydrogeological studies in the Taihang Mountains.</p>

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Karst groundwater cycle model, hydrochemical characteristics and tectonic controls of the Shuimocao karst spring basin in the Northern Taihang Mountains, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Yuanqing Liu,
  • Dongguang Wen,
  • Le Zhou,
  • Wei Li,
  • Lin Lv,
  • Yidi Zheng,
  • She Li,
  • Zheming Shi

摘要

To clarify the recharge sources, water cycle evolution mechanisms, and water–rock interaction patterns of typical karst spring basins in the northern Taihang Mountains, this study investigated the Shuimocao karst spring group through a 1:50,000 hydrogeological survey and continuous dynamic monitoring of spring and river discharge. A total of 38 hydrochemical samples and 26 hydrogen and oxygen isotope samples were collected and tested. Integrating high-density resistivity profiling, hydrochemical identification, isotope tracing, and hydrological dynamic analysis, this study systematically explored the basin tectonic evolution, karst development features, hydrochemical signatures, and groundwater water cycle mechanisms, while elucidating the driving factors responsible for spring drying up. The results indicate that Meso-Cenozoic tectonic movements established the fundamental tectonic framework of the study basin. Highly soluble limestone of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation provides essential material conditions for karst development, whereas concealed faults and epikarst zones constitute dominant migration pathways for surface water and groundwater. Major hydrochemical ions are primarily derived from carbonate and silicate rock weathering, accompanied by staged cation exchange, while anthropogenic activities significantly disturb water quality in the spring discharge zone. Quantitative end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) identifies three groundwater recharge pathways: leakage from the Tongtian River (51.93%) serves as the primary recharge source, followed by Sanhui River leakage (28.79%) and lateral groundwater runoff from the Yebei area (19.29%). Precipitation only acts as an indirect, time-lagged driving factor rather than a direct water source. Overall, the spring system is predominantly recharged by river infiltration and secondarily by lateral groundwater inflow, forming a tectonically controlled water cycle pattern: “surface water infiltration – karst conduit migration – flow regulation by faults and aquicludes – concentrated spring discharge”. The extreme spring drying event in 2020 resulted from the superposition of extreme drought and persistent groundwater overexploitation, and groundwater flow field alteration induced by water level decline was the direct cause of well water turbidity. This study reveals the surface water–groundwater coupling mechanism of typical northern karst basins, providing a representative case and scientific reference for karst groundwater exploitation, spring ecological conservation, and analogous hydrogeological studies in the Taihang Mountains.