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<p>This study evaluated gamma-ray irradiation as an additive free method to degrade oxalic acid in unclear wastewater. For the 10 mM solution, the removal efficiency rose from 16.6% at 5&#xa0;kGy to 92.2% at 50&#xa0;kGy. This result showed a 5.5 fold increase in degradation across the dose range. Conversely, the G-value decreased from 17.0 to 0.2 µmol/J, which indicated a 98% reduction in energy efficiency as mineralization progressed. This suggested that intermediates and radical recombination competitively consumed reactive species during the late phase of treatment. Notably, the rate of mineralization was significantly slower than that of oxalic acid degradation due to the formation of formic and glyoxylic acid intermediates. Acute toxicity was reduced from 85.0% to 5.1% at 50&#xa0;kGy, which achieved a 94% detoxification. Cost analysis showed that gamma-ray irradiation at 2.5 dollars per cubic meter was significantly more economical than conventional wet chemical oxidation at 21.8 dollars per cubic meter. A minimum specific cost of 0.1 dollars per mole occurred at a dose of 10&#xa0;kGy. Thus, gamma-ray irradiation at this dose was proposed for the economically favorable initial breakdown of pollutants, followed by conventional advanced oxidation for final mineralization and regulatory compliance.</p>

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Optimization of gamma-ray irradiation for oxalic acid degradation through energy based cost analysis and hybrid strategy design

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Seung Joo Lim,
  • Yessika Natalia Chelsie

摘要

This study evaluated gamma-ray irradiation as an additive free method to degrade oxalic acid in unclear wastewater. For the 10 mM solution, the removal efficiency rose from 16.6% at 5 kGy to 92.2% at 50 kGy. This result showed a 5.5 fold increase in degradation across the dose range. Conversely, the G-value decreased from 17.0 to 0.2 µmol/J, which indicated a 98% reduction in energy efficiency as mineralization progressed. This suggested that intermediates and radical recombination competitively consumed reactive species during the late phase of treatment. Notably, the rate of mineralization was significantly slower than that of oxalic acid degradation due to the formation of formic and glyoxylic acid intermediates. Acute toxicity was reduced from 85.0% to 5.1% at 50 kGy, which achieved a 94% detoxification. Cost analysis showed that gamma-ray irradiation at 2.5 dollars per cubic meter was significantly more economical than conventional wet chemical oxidation at 21.8 dollars per cubic meter. A minimum specific cost of 0.1 dollars per mole occurred at a dose of 10 kGy. Thus, gamma-ray irradiation at this dose was proposed for the economically favorable initial breakdown of pollutants, followed by conventional advanced oxidation for final mineralization and regulatory compliance.