<p>Dedicated training for <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(30^\circ\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> laparoscopic camera navigation remains limited by the cost of high-fidelity simulators and the absence of continuous objective assessment. We present SECMA, a portable virtual reality platform combining a mechanically constrained interface that reproduces the trocar pivot, decoupled horizon stabilisation, and optical-redirection channels specific to <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(30^\circ\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> camera handling with high-frequency 6-DoF telemetry. To establish construct-related validity evidence, a six-target navigation task was administered to 20 surgeons and 18 medical students across four practice sessions. Three analytical layers were applied. First, under repeated nested cross-validation (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(5 \times 50\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> outer folds), Logistic Regression was the best classifier (<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(F_1 = 0.818\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{AUC} = 0.904\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>); execution time, path length, and depth-axis velocity were primary discriminating features. Second, Hidden Markov Models (<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K = 6\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>) identified an expert-enriched coordination regime occupied 12.9 percentage points more by experts (Cohen’s <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d = 0.707\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>), characterised by purposeful pitch-axis exploration versus diffuse yaw–roll noise in novices. Third, linear mixed-effects models confirmed robust expert–novice differences across four kinematic outcomes (all <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p \le 0.018\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation>) and practice-related improvement in temporal and spatial efficiency, with no significant between-group difference in improvement rate. These convergent findings support SECMA as a scalable and analytically rigorous platform for <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(30^\circ\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> camera navigation training and proficiency-based assessment.</p>

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Construct validation of a portable virtual reality simulator for \(30^\circ\) laparoscopic camera navigation via machine learning and latent behavioral modeling

  • José Ignacio Guzman Montoto,
  • Mauricio Herrera-Marín,
  • Carolina Andrea Donoso Carrasco,
  • Boris Marinkovic Gómez,
  • Santiago Espinosa Peña,
  • Camilo Ignacio Rodríguez Beltrán,
  • Rodrigo Trigo Vilches

摘要

Dedicated training for \(30^\circ\) laparoscopic camera navigation remains limited by the cost of high-fidelity simulators and the absence of continuous objective assessment. We present SECMA, a portable virtual reality platform combining a mechanically constrained interface that reproduces the trocar pivot, decoupled horizon stabilisation, and optical-redirection channels specific to \(30^\circ\) camera handling with high-frequency 6-DoF telemetry. To establish construct-related validity evidence, a six-target navigation task was administered to 20 surgeons and 18 medical students across four practice sessions. Three analytical layers were applied. First, under repeated nested cross-validation (\(5 \times 50\) outer folds), Logistic Regression was the best classifier (\(F_1 = 0.818\), \(\textrm{AUC} = 0.904\)); execution time, path length, and depth-axis velocity were primary discriminating features. Second, Hidden Markov Models (\(K = 6\)) identified an expert-enriched coordination regime occupied 12.9 percentage points more by experts (Cohen’s \(d = 0.707\)), characterised by purposeful pitch-axis exploration versus diffuse yaw–roll noise in novices. Third, linear mixed-effects models confirmed robust expert–novice differences across four kinematic outcomes (all \(p \le 0.018\)) and practice-related improvement in temporal and spatial efficiency, with no significant between-group difference in improvement rate. These convergent findings support SECMA as a scalable and analytically rigorous platform for \(30^\circ\) camera navigation training and proficiency-based assessment.