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<p>The spread of <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> in field plantings has been historically presumed to be via root-to-root contact between diseased and healthy palms, but does not explain the sporadic incidences recorded in the field. While monokaryons must successfully mate to initiate the infection, the extent to which specific parental genetic backgrounds dictate the virulence of the resulting dikaryons is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the inheritance patterns underlying variation in pathogenicity among <i>G. boninense</i> isolates through mating as a prerequisite. Twelve monokaryons were isolated from <i>G. boninense</i> PER71, and 66 reciprocal crosses were conducted. The results showed that only 14 dikaryons were generated (11 A1B1/A2B2 and 3 A1B2/A2B1) (21%), consistent with the established tetrapolar heterothallic compatibility system of <i>G. boninense.</i> The successfully generated dikaryons revealed significant variation in disease severity among dikaryons derived from sibling monokaryons, ranging from 14.2% to 89.9%. Spearman’s correlation demonstrates that mycelial growth rate does not inherently dictate the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. Instead, the parental effect analysis revealed a significant parental effect on virulence, in which the crosses involving the monokaryon PER/10 − 9 exhibiting higher virulence (mean severity of 62.96%) compared to crosses lacking this specific genetic background. Dikaryons derived from sibling monokaryons exhibited variation in pathogenicity, suggesting that mating-partner combinations might contribute to virulence diversity in <i>G. boninense.</i> Overall, mating compatibility constraints and partner-dependent variation in virulence may assist in explain the limited success of basidiospore-derived infections under field conditions. This is the first report to observe the virulence spectrum within a single culture of <i>G. boninense</i> and its compatible dikaryotic combinations.</p>

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Unraveling pathogenicity inheritance in Ganoderma boninense: insights from mating compatibility and virulence variation among dikaryons

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Lee Pei Lee Angel,
  • Wei Yee Wee,
  • Beng-Kah Song,
  • Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman,
  • Jayanthi Nagappan,
  • Madihah Ahmad Zairun,
  • Leslie Eng Ti Low,
  • Shamala Sundram

摘要

The spread of Ganoderma boninense in field plantings has been historically presumed to be via root-to-root contact between diseased and healthy palms, but does not explain the sporadic incidences recorded in the field. While monokaryons must successfully mate to initiate the infection, the extent to which specific parental genetic backgrounds dictate the virulence of the resulting dikaryons is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the inheritance patterns underlying variation in pathogenicity among G. boninense isolates through mating as a prerequisite. Twelve monokaryons were isolated from G. boninense PER71, and 66 reciprocal crosses were conducted. The results showed that only 14 dikaryons were generated (11 A1B1/A2B2 and 3 A1B2/A2B1) (21%), consistent with the established tetrapolar heterothallic compatibility system of G. boninense. The successfully generated dikaryons revealed significant variation in disease severity among dikaryons derived from sibling monokaryons, ranging from 14.2% to 89.9%. Spearman’s correlation demonstrates that mycelial growth rate does not inherently dictate the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. Instead, the parental effect analysis revealed a significant parental effect on virulence, in which the crosses involving the monokaryon PER/10 − 9 exhibiting higher virulence (mean severity of 62.96%) compared to crosses lacking this specific genetic background. Dikaryons derived from sibling monokaryons exhibited variation in pathogenicity, suggesting that mating-partner combinations might contribute to virulence diversity in G. boninense. Overall, mating compatibility constraints and partner-dependent variation in virulence may assist in explain the limited success of basidiospore-derived infections under field conditions. This is the first report to observe the virulence spectrum within a single culture of G. boninense and its compatible dikaryotic combinations.