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<p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that contributes to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). This cross-sectional observational study aimed to characterize circulating cytokine profiles across different stages of T1DM and assess their association with early retinal alterations. 74 individuals with T1DM were categorized according to disease duration: &lt;3 months (A), ≥ 3 months to ≤ 1 year (B), ≥ 1 to &lt; 5 years (C) ≥ 5 years (D). 23 subjects were included as healthy controls (H). 48 serum cytokines were quantified using a standardized human cytokine assay. Retinal morphology and vascular parameters were assessed through OCT and OCTA images. Early-staged patients (A) showed elevated concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL2-Ra and IL-8, compared to controls (H). IL-8 remained increased in group C, alongside with higher Eotaxin, IL-12(p70) and IL-17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and LIF. Retinal thinning and enlarged foveal avascular and neovascularization areas correlated with these cytokine patterns. Distinct inflammatory cytokine profiles characterize T1DM progression and correlate with early events-associated to DR indicators, supporting their potential as immunological biomarkers and aiding in the prevention and management of T1DM and its specific complications such as DR.</p>

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Dynamic cytokine profiles across the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic retinopathy development

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Francisco Martín-Loro,
  • Fátima Cano-Cano,
  • Almudena Lara-Barea,
  • Laura Gómez-Jaramillo,
  • María del Carmen González-Montelongo,
  • María del Mar Roca-Rodríguez,
  • Cristina López-Tinoco,
  • Pablo Álvarez-Ramos,
  • Gema Jiménez-Gómez,
  • Antonio Campos-Caro,
  • Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado,
  • Ana I. Arroba

摘要

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that contributes to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). This cross-sectional observational study aimed to characterize circulating cytokine profiles across different stages of T1DM and assess their association with early retinal alterations. 74 individuals with T1DM were categorized according to disease duration: <3 months (A), ≥ 3 months to ≤ 1 year (B), ≥ 1 to < 5 years (C) ≥ 5 years (D). 23 subjects were included as healthy controls (H). 48 serum cytokines were quantified using a standardized human cytokine assay. Retinal morphology and vascular parameters were assessed through OCT and OCTA images. Early-staged patients (A) showed elevated concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL2-Ra and IL-8, compared to controls (H). IL-8 remained increased in group C, alongside with higher Eotaxin, IL-12(p70) and IL-17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and LIF. Retinal thinning and enlarged foveal avascular and neovascularization areas correlated with these cytokine patterns. Distinct inflammatory cytokine profiles characterize T1DM progression and correlate with early events-associated to DR indicators, supporting their potential as immunological biomarkers and aiding in the prevention and management of T1DM and its specific complications such as DR.