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<p>Nausea during pregnancy is common, but previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding its associations with maternal mental health and perinatal complications. We assessed nausea across pregnancy using both subjective and quantitative measures and examined its associations with maternal mental health and perinatal outcomes. This prospective observational study included 424 pregnant women who received antenatal care and delivery management at our hospital between March 2024 and October 2025. Nausea was assessed at three gestational stages (early, mid, and late pregnancy) using (1) a three-level subjective assessment and (2) the Emesis Index (EI). We examined the associations of (i) nausea severity in early pregnancy, (ii) the presence of nausea at each gestational stage, and (iii) a nausea duration score (0–3) with maternal characteristics, mental health, and perinatal outcomes. Maternal mental health was evaluated using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. In addition, multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between nausea and maternal psychological status after adjustment for maternal age, BMI, nulliparity, and history of psychiatric disorders. In both subjective and EI-based assessments, greater nausea severity in early pregnancy was associated with higher STAI-State and PHQ-9 scores. At each gestational stage, participants with nausea had significantly higher STAI-State and PHQ-9 scores than those without nausea. Higher nausea duration scores were also associated with a greater prevalence of psychiatric history and with higher STAI and PHQ-9 scores across pregnancy. In contrast, nausea showed little consistent association with most perinatal outcomes. The presence, greater severity, and persistence of nausea during pregnancy were associated with increased maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that persistent nausea may serve as a clinical indicator of increased psychological burden during pregnancy and support the need for greater attention to maternal mental health in women with ongoing symptoms.</p>

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Assessment of nausea across pregnancy and its association with maternal psychological status and perinatal outcomes: a prospective observational study in pregnant women

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月24日

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  • Tatsuya Yoshihara,
  • Yasuhiko Okuda,
  • Satoko Sasatsu,
  • Eriko Ogasahara,
  • Osamu Yoshino

摘要

Nausea during pregnancy is common, but previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding its associations with maternal mental health and perinatal complications. We assessed nausea across pregnancy using both subjective and quantitative measures and examined its associations with maternal mental health and perinatal outcomes. This prospective observational study included 424 pregnant women who received antenatal care and delivery management at our hospital between March 2024 and October 2025. Nausea was assessed at three gestational stages (early, mid, and late pregnancy) using (1) a three-level subjective assessment and (2) the Emesis Index (EI). We examined the associations of (i) nausea severity in early pregnancy, (ii) the presence of nausea at each gestational stage, and (iii) a nausea duration score (0–3) with maternal characteristics, mental health, and perinatal outcomes. Maternal mental health was evaluated using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. In addition, multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between nausea and maternal psychological status after adjustment for maternal age, BMI, nulliparity, and history of psychiatric disorders. In both subjective and EI-based assessments, greater nausea severity in early pregnancy was associated with higher STAI-State and PHQ-9 scores. At each gestational stage, participants with nausea had significantly higher STAI-State and PHQ-9 scores than those without nausea. Higher nausea duration scores were also associated with a greater prevalence of psychiatric history and with higher STAI and PHQ-9 scores across pregnancy. In contrast, nausea showed little consistent association with most perinatal outcomes. The presence, greater severity, and persistence of nausea during pregnancy were associated with increased maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that persistent nausea may serve as a clinical indicator of increased psychological burden during pregnancy and support the need for greater attention to maternal mental health in women with ongoing symptoms.