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<p>The invasion of the Nootka lupin (<i>Lupinus nootkatensis</i>) in Iceland presents a fascinating scenario: an introduced species on an isolated island that retains exceptionally high genetic diversity. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, we analysed the population structure of this widespread coloniser to understand the mechanisms behind its success. Contrary to expectations of a founder effect, our results reveal substantial polymorphism (100% at the dataset level) and high gene diversity, indicating that high propagule pressure from repeated, large-scale introductions has effectively countered genetic bottlenecks. Spatial analyses (PCoA, AMOVA) demonstrated a highly admixed structure where genetic clustering explains twice as much variance as geographical regions (12.3% vs. 5.9%). Importantly, a Mantel test confirmed a remarkably weak isolation-by-distance signal (explaining around 6% of the variance), aligning directly with the AMOVA results. This structural concordance shows that human-mediated transport—particularly from Reykjavík, the demographic hub—has completely overridden natural spatial gradients. We conclude that historical land reclamation efforts have acted as massive hyper-vectors, mixing diverse lineages to form a highly resilient, interconnected metapopulation. Therefore, effective management should shift from broad-scale eradication to targeted biosecurity measures that limit further human-facilitated mixing of these distinct genetic lineages.</p>

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Human-mediated admixture shapes high genetic diversity and the invasion dynamics of Lupinus nootkatensis in Iceland

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Magdalena Szenejko,
  • Przemysław Śmietana,
  • Remigiusz Panicz,
  • Jakub Skorupski

摘要

The invasion of the Nootka lupin (Lupinus nootkatensis) in Iceland presents a fascinating scenario: an introduced species on an isolated island that retains exceptionally high genetic diversity. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, we analysed the population structure of this widespread coloniser to understand the mechanisms behind its success. Contrary to expectations of a founder effect, our results reveal substantial polymorphism (100% at the dataset level) and high gene diversity, indicating that high propagule pressure from repeated, large-scale introductions has effectively countered genetic bottlenecks. Spatial analyses (PCoA, AMOVA) demonstrated a highly admixed structure where genetic clustering explains twice as much variance as geographical regions (12.3% vs. 5.9%). Importantly, a Mantel test confirmed a remarkably weak isolation-by-distance signal (explaining around 6% of the variance), aligning directly with the AMOVA results. This structural concordance shows that human-mediated transport—particularly from Reykjavík, the demographic hub—has completely overridden natural spatial gradients. We conclude that historical land reclamation efforts have acted as massive hyper-vectors, mixing diverse lineages to form a highly resilient, interconnected metapopulation. Therefore, effective management should shift from broad-scale eradication to targeted biosecurity measures that limit further human-facilitated mixing of these distinct genetic lineages.