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<p>This study examined internal training-load (TL) profiles in elite female handball players from the Polish national team during the 2024/25 season, comparing athletes competing domestically and abroad. A secondary aim was to describe position-specific load patterns and derive applied observations relevant to workload management in high-performance environments. Over an 11-month competitive period, twenty players were monitored using XPS Sideline (session-RPE), Polar Team Pro and Polar Coach (heart-rate metrics, Edwards TRIMP), and the COSMED K5 system for VO₂ and HR-zone calibration. Key indicators included monotony, a platform-derived workload-ratio index, chronic load, TRIMP distribution, and session duration. The workload-ratio index was treated as a descriptive system-based indicator of short-term relative to longer-term load fluctuation and was not interpreted as a canonical acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) or against universal risk thresholds. HR-derived TRIMP and session-RPE were used as complementary indicators of internal training load, as they capture partially distinct physiological and perceptual responses to training. Mean session values were TRIMP 188.8 ± 48.6 AU, RPE 5.17 ± 1.69, duration 89.5 ± 13.9 min, and monotony 3.77 ± 0.94 AU. Middle backs displayed the highest workload-ratio values within the sample. Foreign-based wingers accumulated the greatest loads (274 AU; 33% of sessions ≥ RPE 7), while pivots showed high monotony and lower RPE despite elevated chronic load. A strong correlation (r = 0.78) supported the combined use of TRIMP and RPE for TL assessment. Descriptive differences between domestic and foreign league contexts were not uniform across all indicators. At the overall league-average level, training monotony, mean session RPE, and session duration were higher in the Polish-league group, whereas chronic load, the platform-derived workload-ratio index, and mean session TRIMP were slightly higher in the foreign-league group. Exploratory week-level inspection nevertheless suggested that selected periods associated with international competition may have involved greater short-term internal-load demands. These observations refer to different aggregation levels and should therefore not be interpreted as directly contradictory. These findings support the practical value of combining HR-derived TRIMP and session-RPE in a descriptive monitoring framework and suggest that internal-load patterns may vary according to league context, playing position, and aggregation level. The differences observed should therefore be interpreted cautiously within the constraints of an observational dataset.</p>

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TRIMP and session-RPE monitoring in elite women’s handball: a full-season descriptive analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Adrian Struzik,
  • Jarosław Nadobnik,
  • Marta Stępień-Słodkowska

摘要

This study examined internal training-load (TL) profiles in elite female handball players from the Polish national team during the 2024/25 season, comparing athletes competing domestically and abroad. A secondary aim was to describe position-specific load patterns and derive applied observations relevant to workload management in high-performance environments. Over an 11-month competitive period, twenty players were monitored using XPS Sideline (session-RPE), Polar Team Pro and Polar Coach (heart-rate metrics, Edwards TRIMP), and the COSMED K5 system for VO₂ and HR-zone calibration. Key indicators included monotony, a platform-derived workload-ratio index, chronic load, TRIMP distribution, and session duration. The workload-ratio index was treated as a descriptive system-based indicator of short-term relative to longer-term load fluctuation and was not interpreted as a canonical acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) or against universal risk thresholds. HR-derived TRIMP and session-RPE were used as complementary indicators of internal training load, as they capture partially distinct physiological and perceptual responses to training. Mean session values were TRIMP 188.8 ± 48.6 AU, RPE 5.17 ± 1.69, duration 89.5 ± 13.9 min, and monotony 3.77 ± 0.94 AU. Middle backs displayed the highest workload-ratio values within the sample. Foreign-based wingers accumulated the greatest loads (274 AU; 33% of sessions ≥ RPE 7), while pivots showed high monotony and lower RPE despite elevated chronic load. A strong correlation (r = 0.78) supported the combined use of TRIMP and RPE for TL assessment. Descriptive differences between domestic and foreign league contexts were not uniform across all indicators. At the overall league-average level, training monotony, mean session RPE, and session duration were higher in the Polish-league group, whereas chronic load, the platform-derived workload-ratio index, and mean session TRIMP were slightly higher in the foreign-league group. Exploratory week-level inspection nevertheless suggested that selected periods associated with international competition may have involved greater short-term internal-load demands. These observations refer to different aggregation levels and should therefore not be interpreted as directly contradictory. These findings support the practical value of combining HR-derived TRIMP and session-RPE in a descriptive monitoring framework and suggest that internal-load patterns may vary according to league context, playing position, and aggregation level. The differences observed should therefore be interpreted cautiously within the constraints of an observational dataset.