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<p>In this study, a NiTi wall was fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and its in vitro cytotoxicity was systematically evaluated to assess the suitability of WAAM for processing a biocompatible NiTi alloy. Cytotoxicity testing using the MTT assay on HaCaT cells showed high cell viability of 94.08% and 95.77% at the highest extract concentration, confirming the extracts as non-cytotoxic. XRD analysis revealed retention of the predominant B2 austenitic phase with minor B19′ martensite. SEM-EDX and EBSD analyses confirmed a dense and compositionally uniform microstructure with a preferred &lt;101&gt; crystallographic texture along the build direction. Microhardness increased from 288.5 to 373.5 HV along the build height, indicating a stable mechanical response. XPS confirmed the formation of a TiO<sub>2</sub> surface layer, while wettability measurements indicated hydrophilic behaviour. These results confirm that WAAM enables stable fabrication of NiTi while retaining its biological response, demonstrating its suitability for biomedical-related applications.</p>

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In vitro cytotoxic assessment of a wire arc additively manufactured NiTi wall for biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月6日

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  • M. Kaviya,
  • M. Vignesh,
  • Sahil Gaba

摘要

In this study, a NiTi wall was fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and its in vitro cytotoxicity was systematically evaluated to assess the suitability of WAAM for processing a biocompatible NiTi alloy. Cytotoxicity testing using the MTT assay on HaCaT cells showed high cell viability of 94.08% and 95.77% at the highest extract concentration, confirming the extracts as non-cytotoxic. XRD analysis revealed retention of the predominant B2 austenitic phase with minor B19′ martensite. SEM-EDX and EBSD analyses confirmed a dense and compositionally uniform microstructure with a preferred <101> crystallographic texture along the build direction. Microhardness increased from 288.5 to 373.5 HV along the build height, indicating a stable mechanical response. XPS confirmed the formation of a TiO2 surface layer, while wettability measurements indicated hydrophilic behaviour. These results confirm that WAAM enables stable fabrication of NiTi while retaining its biological response, demonstrating its suitability for biomedical-related applications.