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<p>To characterize the occurrence levels and distribution of disinfection byproducts in drinking water of Chengdu in China, evaluate health risks to the adult population via oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes, and identify key health risk drivers. From 2023 to 2025, water samples were collected from 118 centralized water supply units across 23 districts to detect trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid disinfection byproducts, analyze differences in detection and concentration levels across water periods, regions, and water supply scales, and applied the US EPA health risk assessment model to assess exposure risks of trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid through oral and dermal routes. All 4464 samples had disinfection byproduct concentrations met national standards, with 100.0% pass rate. Trichloromethane had the highest detection rate (86.0%) and median concentration (9.00 µ g/L). Concentrations of trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Trichloromethane and bromodichloromethane concentrations were higher in urban versus rural samples, whereas dibromochloromethane and dichloroacetic acid were higher in rural areas. Detection rates and concentrations in large centralized water supply units exceeded those in small units (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The health risk assessment showed that the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (HI &lt; 1) was within acceptable limits, and the cumulative carcinogenic risk (TCR = 4.15 × 10⁻⁵) fell within the commonly used regulatory benchmark range but warrants continued attention. Trichloromethane contributed the largest share (26.5%). Disinfection byproduct concentrations in Chengdu’s drinking water comply with national standards, and the associated non‑carcinogenic health risks are low. The cumulative carcinogenic risk is within the commonly accepted benchmark range but is sufficiently elevated to justify continued surveillance and source‑control measures, with trichloromethane and trichloroacetic acid as priority compounds.</p>

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Monitoring and health risk assessment of disinfection byproducts in drinking water in Chengdu, China, 2023–2025

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Su Lan,
  • Wei Huang,
  • Dan Kuang,
  • Fangkui Qin,
  • Yifan Zhai,
  • Cheng Wang,
  • Xufang Gao

摘要

To characterize the occurrence levels and distribution of disinfection byproducts in drinking water of Chengdu in China, evaluate health risks to the adult population via oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes, and identify key health risk drivers. From 2023 to 2025, water samples were collected from 118 centralized water supply units across 23 districts to detect trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid disinfection byproducts, analyze differences in detection and concentration levels across water periods, regions, and water supply scales, and applied the US EPA health risk assessment model to assess exposure risks of trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid through oral and dermal routes. All 4464 samples had disinfection byproduct concentrations met national standards, with 100.0% pass rate. Trichloromethane had the highest detection rate (86.0%) and median concentration (9.00 µ g/L). Concentrations of trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Trichloromethane and bromodichloromethane concentrations were higher in urban versus rural samples, whereas dibromochloromethane and dichloroacetic acid were higher in rural areas. Detection rates and concentrations in large centralized water supply units exceeded those in small units (P < 0.05). The health risk assessment showed that the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (HI < 1) was within acceptable limits, and the cumulative carcinogenic risk (TCR = 4.15 × 10⁻⁵) fell within the commonly used regulatory benchmark range but warrants continued attention. Trichloromethane contributed the largest share (26.5%). Disinfection byproduct concentrations in Chengdu’s drinking water comply with national standards, and the associated non‑carcinogenic health risks are low. The cumulative carcinogenic risk is within the commonly accepted benchmark range but is sufficiently elevated to justify continued surveillance and source‑control measures, with trichloromethane and trichloroacetic acid as priority compounds.