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<p>This study presents an integrated waste-to-energy strategy for the sustainable conversion of the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOFMSW) into biohydrogen (Bio.H<sub>2</sub>) and biomethane (Bio.CH<sub>4</sub>) through a two-stage continuous stirred dark fermentation (DF) process. The first-stage bioreactor was inoculated with <i>Clostridium Thermocellum</i> selectively enriched in a 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) medium, and the influence of bimetallic ion catalysts NiCl<sub>2</sub> + FeCl<sub>2</sub> and NiCl<sub>2</sub> + FeSO<sub>4</sub> was evaluated at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100&#xa0;mg/L). The catalyst combination NiCl<sub>2</sub> + FeCl<sub>2</sub> at 75&#xa0;mg/L produced the maximum Bio.H<sub>2</sub> yield of 3162&#xa0;L, representing a 69% enhancement compared with the catalyst-free substrate. At this optimal catalytic concentration, the percentage of H<sub>2</sub> in the gas composition was 69.26%. The second-stage bioreactor utilized the effluent from the first stage for Bio.CH<sub>4</sub> generation, achieving the highest cumulative yield of 729&#xa0;L at 50&#xa0;mg/L NiCl<sub>2</sub> + FeCl<sub>2</sub>, which was 59% higher than that of the catalyst-free substrate. The two-stage process achieved an overall COD removal efficiency of 93.18%, demonstrating the system’s effective capacity for energy recovery. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses confirmed the biochemical and morphological degradation of complex organics into volatile fatty acids, illustrating efficient substrate conversion and microbial proliferation. The final digested slurry, rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, was found suitable for use as a bio-fertilizer, supporting nutrient recycling and soil enrichment. This integrated process not only improved energy recovery efficiency but also achieved near-zero waste discharge, combining waste-to-energy and waste-to-resource approaches. The developed system demonstrates strong potential for pilot-scale implementation of Bio.H<sub>2</sub>, and Bio.CH<sub>4</sub> for co-production from municipal solid waste (MSW), offering a circular bioeconomy pathway toward low-carbon, sustainable urban waste management.</p>

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Waste-to-energy approach by transforming municipal solid waste into biohydrogen and biomethane through dark fermentation with the yield of biofertilizer

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • K. V. Sreedharan,
  • Debabrata Barik,
  • Ayyar Dinesh,
  • D. Shanmugapriya,
  • M. Santhamoorthy,
  • N. Ashok

摘要

This study presents an integrated waste-to-energy strategy for the sustainable conversion of the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOFMSW) into biohydrogen (Bio.H2) and biomethane (Bio.CH4) through a two-stage continuous stirred dark fermentation (DF) process. The first-stage bioreactor was inoculated with Clostridium Thermocellum selectively enriched in a 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) medium, and the influence of bimetallic ion catalysts NiCl2 + FeCl2 and NiCl2 + FeSO4 was evaluated at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L). The catalyst combination NiCl2 + FeCl2 at 75 mg/L produced the maximum Bio.H2 yield of 3162 L, representing a 69% enhancement compared with the catalyst-free substrate. At this optimal catalytic concentration, the percentage of H2 in the gas composition was 69.26%. The second-stage bioreactor utilized the effluent from the first stage for Bio.CH4 generation, achieving the highest cumulative yield of 729 L at 50 mg/L NiCl2 + FeCl2, which was 59% higher than that of the catalyst-free substrate. The two-stage process achieved an overall COD removal efficiency of 93.18%, demonstrating the system’s effective capacity for energy recovery. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses confirmed the biochemical and morphological degradation of complex organics into volatile fatty acids, illustrating efficient substrate conversion and microbial proliferation. The final digested slurry, rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, was found suitable for use as a bio-fertilizer, supporting nutrient recycling and soil enrichment. This integrated process not only improved energy recovery efficiency but also achieved near-zero waste discharge, combining waste-to-energy and waste-to-resource approaches. The developed system demonstrates strong potential for pilot-scale implementation of Bio.H2, and Bio.CH4 for co-production from municipal solid waste (MSW), offering a circular bioeconomy pathway toward low-carbon, sustainable urban waste management.