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<p>The choice of substrates and their composition play a crucial role in supporting the growth of microorganisms and enhancing overall microbial fuel cells (MFCs) performance. Traditionally used substrates, such as glucose and acetate, are now being replaced by innovative alternatives like biomass materials and food waste. Consequently, this research focuses on the use of cow dung as an organic substrate in MFCs, examining its role in microbial metabolism, bioenergy production, and the bioremediation of toxic metals. The MFC processes were conducted over 40 days, during which a peak voltage output of 485 mV was recorded on day 26. The MFC cycle generates maximum metal bioremediation efficiencies of 89.16 ± 0.04% for Al<sup>3+</sup>, 89.17 ± 0.46% for Cu<sup>2+</sup>, 92.86 ± 0.11% for Pb<sup>2+</sup>, 91.37 ± 0.4% for Zn<sup>2+</sup>, and 92.01 ± 0.16% for Hg<sup>2+</sup><sub>,</sub> respectively indicating its potential in ameliorating toxic metal levels from wastewater. Two-way ANOVA revealed that bioremediation efficiency (%) was significantly influenced by metal ion type (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and operational duration (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with a significant Metal × Operational Days interaction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), indicating metal-specific temporal responses. Post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis confirmed significant differences among most metal–day combinations, demonstrating progressive, time-dependent enhancement of bioremediation efficiency. The substrate was applied to the anodic region constantly throughout the experiment. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed distinct redox peaks, confirming active bioelectrochemical processes, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated reduced internal resistance and enhanced electron transfer efficiency. SEM-EDX revealed the extent of biofilms and toxicity level of the operation. Furthermore, microbial analysis was investigated on the anode electrode after MFC operation. The probable bacterial species identified were <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>,<i> Providencia rettgeri</i>,<i> Escherichia coli</i>,<i> Serratia marcescens</i>,<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i>,<i> Morgarella morganii</i> and <i>Providencia alcalifaciens</i>. This study has shown that cow dung is a potential substrate for generation of electric current and bioremediation of toxic metals in MFC.</p>

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Performance and statistical evaluation of animal dung–driven microbial fuel cells for simultaneous bio electrochemical conversion and bioremediation of toxic metal-contaminated wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Mustapha Omenesa Idris,
  • Abdulrahman Itopa Suleiman,
  • Claudia Guerrero-Barajas,
  • Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim,
  • Nur Asshifa Md Noh,
  • Dahiru Umar Lawal,
  • Pankaj Sah,
  • Syed Najmul Hejaz Azmi,
  • Mohd Tariq,
  • Parwiz Niazi

摘要

The choice of substrates and their composition play a crucial role in supporting the growth of microorganisms and enhancing overall microbial fuel cells (MFCs) performance. Traditionally used substrates, such as glucose and acetate, are now being replaced by innovative alternatives like biomass materials and food waste. Consequently, this research focuses on the use of cow dung as an organic substrate in MFCs, examining its role in microbial metabolism, bioenergy production, and the bioremediation of toxic metals. The MFC processes were conducted over 40 days, during which a peak voltage output of 485 mV was recorded on day 26. The MFC cycle generates maximum metal bioremediation efficiencies of 89.16 ± 0.04% for Al3+, 89.17 ± 0.46% for Cu2+, 92.86 ± 0.11% for Pb2+, 91.37 ± 0.4% for Zn2+, and 92.01 ± 0.16% for Hg2+, respectively indicating its potential in ameliorating toxic metal levels from wastewater. Two-way ANOVA revealed that bioremediation efficiency (%) was significantly influenced by metal ion type (p < 0.001) and operational duration (p < 0.001), with a significant Metal × Operational Days interaction (p < 0.001), indicating metal-specific temporal responses. Post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis confirmed significant differences among most metal–day combinations, demonstrating progressive, time-dependent enhancement of bioremediation efficiency. The substrate was applied to the anodic region constantly throughout the experiment. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed distinct redox peaks, confirming active bioelectrochemical processes, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated reduced internal resistance and enhanced electron transfer efficiency. SEM-EDX revealed the extent of biofilms and toxicity level of the operation. Furthermore, microbial analysis was investigated on the anode electrode after MFC operation. The probable bacterial species identified were Bacillus subtilis, Providencia rettgeri, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Morgarella morganii and Providencia alcalifaciens. This study has shown that cow dung is a potential substrate for generation of electric current and bioremediation of toxic metals in MFC.