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<p>Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with various biological functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Candida species, particularly <i>Candida albicans</i>, are major pathogens involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which affects a majority of women, and novel antifungal agents are needed due to the limitations of current treatments. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of microbial chondroitin sulfate (MCS), produced via recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> (C2987), in a rat model of VVC. MCS was biosynthesized via the pETM6-PACF-<i>vgb</i><sup>+</sup> plasmid harboring the <i>kfoA</i>, <i>kfoC</i>, <i>kfoF</i>, and <i>vgb</i> genes, and its structural integrity and composition were confirmed via NMR, HPLC, and FT-IR. VVC was induced in immunosuppressed, estrogen-treated <i>Wistar albino</i> rats, which were randomized into eight groups: uninoculated control, infected untreated control, cream base, nystatin, fenticonazole, and MCS at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively. Topical treatments were applied for seven days, and the vaginal fungal burden [colony-forming units (CFU)], the levels of cytokines (IL-4, IL-8, and IL-17), the levels of oxidative stress markers in rat serum [malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and histopathology were assessed. MCS was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in fungal burden, with 1.0% MCS achieving CFU reductions comparable to those of nystatin and fenticonazole. Significant decreases in IL-8 and IL-17 and a moderate reduction in IL-4 were detected in rat vaginal lavage fluid, indicating an anti-inflammatory shift. Histopathological examination indicated qualitative differences in epithelial architecture and inflammatory cell distribution in the 0.5% and 1.0% MCS groups; however, inflammation scores did not reach statistical significance. Serum oxidative stress analysis revealed trends toward lower MDA levels and higher SOD activity, but the differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that MCS is a promising nonanimal-derived topical antifungal agent with both antifungal and immunomodulatory potential, warranting further clinical investigation.</p>

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Evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of microbial chondroitin sulfate against candida species in an experimental rat model of vulvovaginal candidiasis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Rauf Melekoglu,
  • Ayse Sebnem Erenler,
  • Mustafa Huz,
  • Tuba Unver,
  • Feyza Inceoglu,
  • Suleyman Koytepe,
  • Hikmet Geckil,
  • Nusret Akpolat

摘要

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with various biological functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Candida species, particularly Candida albicans, are major pathogens involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which affects a majority of women, and novel antifungal agents are needed due to the limitations of current treatments. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of microbial chondroitin sulfate (MCS), produced via recombinant Escherichia coli (C2987), in a rat model of VVC. MCS was biosynthesized via the pETM6-PACF-vgb+ plasmid harboring the kfoA, kfoC, kfoF, and vgb genes, and its structural integrity and composition were confirmed via NMR, HPLC, and FT-IR. VVC was induced in immunosuppressed, estrogen-treated Wistar albino rats, which were randomized into eight groups: uninoculated control, infected untreated control, cream base, nystatin, fenticonazole, and MCS at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively. Topical treatments were applied for seven days, and the vaginal fungal burden [colony-forming units (CFU)], the levels of cytokines (IL-4, IL-8, and IL-17), the levels of oxidative stress markers in rat serum [malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and histopathology were assessed. MCS was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in fungal burden, with 1.0% MCS achieving CFU reductions comparable to those of nystatin and fenticonazole. Significant decreases in IL-8 and IL-17 and a moderate reduction in IL-4 were detected in rat vaginal lavage fluid, indicating an anti-inflammatory shift. Histopathological examination indicated qualitative differences in epithelial architecture and inflammatory cell distribution in the 0.5% and 1.0% MCS groups; however, inflammation scores did not reach statistical significance. Serum oxidative stress analysis revealed trends toward lower MDA levels and higher SOD activity, but the differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that MCS is a promising nonanimal-derived topical antifungal agent with both antifungal and immunomodulatory potential, warranting further clinical investigation.