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<p>The development of standardized cross-species evaluation frameworks is urgently needed for absorbable extracellular matrix (ECM) meshes, due to significant variations in safety and efficacy across tissue sources. This study establishes a multi-dimensional assessment system to quantify material-specific bio-functional correlations. Three ECM meshes—human acellular dermis (HAD), porcine acellular dermis (PAD), and porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS)—were systematically characterized using integrated in vitro and in vivo analyses. Assessments included physicochemical properties (e.g., degradation kinetics via collagenase digestion), immunogenic residues (α-Gal epitopes and DNA quantification), and biocompatibility. In vivo performance was evaluated using rabbit subcutaneous (for degradation and immune response) and rat abdominal defect models (for macrophage polarization: CD206⁺/CD86⁺ ratio and collagen deposition). HAD exhibited superior structural stability (82.3% ± 1.2% residual mass after 7-day collagenase digestion), whereas SIS degraded most rapidly (10.5% ± 0.42%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01 vs PAD) but provoked severe foreign body reactions (2.3-fold higher vs HAD at 13 weeks,<i> p</i> = 0.017). Notably, HAD uniquely promoted sustained M2-dominant macrophage polarization (CD206⁺/CD86⁺ ratio = 2.1 vs SIS = 0.7), which reduced inflammation and enhanced collagen remodeling (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05 vs SIS). Serum metabolomic analysis indicated that ECM mesh implantation induced a reprogramming of host amino acid metabolism, marked by a notable acceleration in L-methionine metabolism. The proposed integrated evaluation framework successfully identifies material-specific correlations among degradation behavior, immune response, and metabolic regulation, providing critical benchmarks for the rational design of immunomodulatory ECM meshes.</p>

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Comparative in vitro and in vivo assessment of three experimental extracellular matrix meshes for soft tissue remodeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Wenting Ruan,
  • Guowei Wang,
  • Qiujin Qu,
  • Xiaoxiao Gai,
  • Changbin Wang,
  • Jia Liu,
  • Fuyu Zhu,
  • Zhonghua Qu,
  • Chenghu Liu

摘要

The development of standardized cross-species evaluation frameworks is urgently needed for absorbable extracellular matrix (ECM) meshes, due to significant variations in safety and efficacy across tissue sources. This study establishes a multi-dimensional assessment system to quantify material-specific bio-functional correlations. Three ECM meshes—human acellular dermis (HAD), porcine acellular dermis (PAD), and porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS)—were systematically characterized using integrated in vitro and in vivo analyses. Assessments included physicochemical properties (e.g., degradation kinetics via collagenase digestion), immunogenic residues (α-Gal epitopes and DNA quantification), and biocompatibility. In vivo performance was evaluated using rabbit subcutaneous (for degradation and immune response) and rat abdominal defect models (for macrophage polarization: CD206⁺/CD86⁺ ratio and collagen deposition). HAD exhibited superior structural stability (82.3% ± 1.2% residual mass after 7-day collagenase digestion), whereas SIS degraded most rapidly (10.5% ± 0.42%; p < 0.01 vs PAD) but provoked severe foreign body reactions (2.3-fold higher vs HAD at 13 weeks, p = 0.017). Notably, HAD uniquely promoted sustained M2-dominant macrophage polarization (CD206⁺/CD86⁺ ratio = 2.1 vs SIS = 0.7), which reduced inflammation and enhanced collagen remodeling (p < 0.05 vs SIS). Serum metabolomic analysis indicated that ECM mesh implantation induced a reprogramming of host amino acid metabolism, marked by a notable acceleration in L-methionine metabolism. The proposed integrated evaluation framework successfully identifies material-specific correlations among degradation behavior, immune response, and metabolic regulation, providing critical benchmarks for the rational design of immunomodulatory ECM meshes.