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<p>Ammonium contamination in wastewater poses serious risks to aquatic environments and requires efficient continuous treatment strategies. This study evaluates a Garcinia-derived biosorbent for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> removal in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed column and quantitatively examines the influence of flow rate, influent concentration, and bed height on dynamic adsorption behavior. Breakthrough and exhaustion were defined at C<sub>t</sub>/C<sub>o</sub> = 0.05 and C<sub>t</sub>/C<sub>o</sub> = 0.95, respectively. Decreasing the flow rate from 2.0 to 0.5&#xa0;mL min<sup>−1</sup> increased the Thomas capacity from 10.5 to 18.5&#xa0;mg g<sup>−1</sup> and extended breakthrough time from &lt; 100 to ~ 240&#xa0;min. Increasing bed height from 5 to 20&#xa0;cm enhanced q<sub>max</sub> from 12.0 to 23.5&#xa0;mg g<sup>−1</sup>. Model validation using the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson equations showed good agreement with experimental data (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89–0.99, RMSE = 0.021–0.065, MAE = 0.018–0.054). The mass transfer zone (MTZ) length and empty bed contact time (EBCT) were estimated to provide additional insight into column hydrodynamics. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of Garcinia-based biosorbent for laboratory-scale continuous ammonium removal and provide useful operational insights for fixed-bed adsorption systems.</p>

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Garcinia derived adsorbents for efficient ammonium removal from wastewater in fixed bed column systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Mona S. S. Soliman,
  • Mahmoud F. Mubarak,
  • R. Hosny

摘要

Ammonium contamination in wastewater poses serious risks to aquatic environments and requires efficient continuous treatment strategies. This study evaluates a Garcinia-derived biosorbent for NH4+ removal in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed column and quantitatively examines the influence of flow rate, influent concentration, and bed height on dynamic adsorption behavior. Breakthrough and exhaustion were defined at Ct/Co = 0.05 and Ct/Co = 0.95, respectively. Decreasing the flow rate from 2.0 to 0.5 mL min−1 increased the Thomas capacity from 10.5 to 18.5 mg g−1 and extended breakthrough time from < 100 to ~ 240 min. Increasing bed height from 5 to 20 cm enhanced qmax from 12.0 to 23.5 mg g−1. Model validation using the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson equations showed good agreement with experimental data (R2 = 0.89–0.99, RMSE = 0.021–0.065, MAE = 0.018–0.054). The mass transfer zone (MTZ) length and empty bed contact time (EBCT) were estimated to provide additional insight into column hydrodynamics. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of Garcinia-based biosorbent for laboratory-scale continuous ammonium removal and provide useful operational insights for fixed-bed adsorption systems.