Scholarlink

<p>This research evaluates unmodified palm kernel cake (PKC), an agricultural by-product of palm oil processing as an inexpensive and sustainable adsorbent in the removal of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions. Experiments on batch adsorption were carried out at 298–313&#xa0;K, 5–20&#xa0;mg/L of initial MB concentration, and 2–8 pH. The highest removal of 81% was obtained at pH 8 within 90–120&#xa0;min. The Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.982) provided the best fit, yielding a theoretical maximum monolayer capacity (q<sub>m</sub>) of 151.5&#xa0;mg/g; the experimentally measured adsorption capacity (q<sub>e,exp</sub>) was 4.8&#xa0;mg/g under the tested conditions. Pseudo-second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999) best described the adsorption rate, indicating intraparticle diffusion controlled physical adsorption confirmed by an activation energy of 37.8&#xa0;kJ/mol. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a spontaneous (ΔG° =  − 3.98 to − 4.25&#xa0;kJ/mol), endothermic (ΔH° = 1.47&#xa0;kJ/mol) process. The adsorption process is mainly physical, which depends on the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and intraparticle diffusion as shown in the Weber-Morris, Boyd, FTIR, and SEM analyses. PKC maintained a high adsorption efficiency of 96.5% even after four regeneration cycles, which showed great reusability and high potential of sustainable treatment of textile wastewater.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Effective and sustainable methylene blue removal from wastewater using palm kernel cake

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

查看全文
  • Reddy Prasad D.M.,
  • Wan Syafera Haizul Akma,
  • Duduku Krishnaiah,
  • C. Jayakumar,
  • Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

摘要

This research evaluates unmodified palm kernel cake (PKC), an agricultural by-product of palm oil processing as an inexpensive and sustainable adsorbent in the removal of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions. Experiments on batch adsorption were carried out at 298–313 K, 5–20 mg/L of initial MB concentration, and 2–8 pH. The highest removal of 81% was obtained at pH 8 within 90–120 min. The Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.982) provided the best fit, yielding a theoretical maximum monolayer capacity (qm) of 151.5 mg/g; the experimentally measured adsorption capacity (qe,exp) was 4.8 mg/g under the tested conditions. Pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.999) best described the adsorption rate, indicating intraparticle diffusion controlled physical adsorption confirmed by an activation energy of 37.8 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a spontaneous (ΔG° =  − 3.98 to − 4.25 kJ/mol), endothermic (ΔH° = 1.47 kJ/mol) process. The adsorption process is mainly physical, which depends on the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and intraparticle diffusion as shown in the Weber-Morris, Boyd, FTIR, and SEM analyses. PKC maintained a high adsorption efficiency of 96.5% even after four regeneration cycles, which showed great reusability and high potential of sustainable treatment of textile wastewater.