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<p>This study introduces the development of a next-generation wearable biosensor for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, leveraging the unique properties of advanced two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Central to this innovation is a smartwatch-based platform designed for real-time health monitoring. The research focuses on three distinct field-effect transistor (FET) configurations, each utilizing a copper electrode array as the source, drain, and gate, and different 2D composite materials as the transistor channel. The FET channels were fabricated using a hydrothermal synthesis method to produce four high-performance composites: silver nanowires/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene/MoS<sub>2</sub>, AgNWs/MoS<sub>2</sub>. and a ternary combination of MoS<sub>2</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene/silver nanowires. Each material contributes unique advantages—silver nanowires provide high electrical conductivity for efficient charge transport, MoS<sub>2</sub> provides abundant active sites for glucose oxidation, and Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene enhances both electrical conductivity and surface functionalization, facilitating improved glucose detection. In addition to glucose sensing, the developed smartwatch can simultaneously monitor pH and temperature, factors that are critical for accurate biosensing in sweat. Comprehensive material analysis, fabrication methods, and performance evaluations are detailed in this work. The proposed Bio-FET sensors demonstrate outstanding performance metrics, including an ultra-low detectable concentration of 0.001 µM, a sensitivity of 355 mA·mM⁻<sup>1</sup>, and a broad span of linear detection from 0 to 10 mM. The sensors also exhibit excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability.</p>

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Advanced smartwatch for noninvasive sweat biomarker monitoring using a wearable FET biosensor array with Ag nanowire cross-linked MoS2 and MXene

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Milad Farahmandpour,
  • Daryoosh Dideban,
  • Masoomeh Monfared Dehbali,
  • Zoheir Kordrostami

摘要

This study introduces the development of a next-generation wearable biosensor for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, leveraging the unique properties of advanced two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Central to this innovation is a smartwatch-based platform designed for real-time health monitoring. The research focuses on three distinct field-effect transistor (FET) configurations, each utilizing a copper electrode array as the source, drain, and gate, and different 2D composite materials as the transistor channel. The FET channels were fabricated using a hydrothermal synthesis method to produce four high-performance composites: silver nanowires/Ti3C2 MXene, Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2, AgNWs/MoS2. and a ternary combination of MoS2/Ti3C2 MXene/silver nanowires. Each material contributes unique advantages—silver nanowires provide high electrical conductivity for efficient charge transport, MoS2 provides abundant active sites for glucose oxidation, and Ti3C2 MXene enhances both electrical conductivity and surface functionalization, facilitating improved glucose detection. In addition to glucose sensing, the developed smartwatch can simultaneously monitor pH and temperature, factors that are critical for accurate biosensing in sweat. Comprehensive material analysis, fabrication methods, and performance evaluations are detailed in this work. The proposed Bio-FET sensors demonstrate outstanding performance metrics, including an ultra-low detectable concentration of 0.001 µM, a sensitivity of 355 mA·mM⁻1, and a broad span of linear detection from 0 to 10 mM. The sensors also exhibit excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability.