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<p>Bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicles were produced from <i>Acetobacter xylinum </i>using a simple, additive-free, and low-cost static cultivation method consistent with sustainable and green bioprocessing principles. Two post-synthesis drying routes were compared: supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) drying following acetone solvent exchange and direct lyophilization without chemical additives or pre-freezing. The resulting BC aerogels and cryogels were characterized by SEM, confocal microscopy, BET analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, EDS, and geometrical evaluation with a particular emphasis on nanostructure, porosity, and network integrity. scCO<sub>2</sub>-dried BC aerogels exhibited a well-preserved three-dimensional nanofibrillar network, achieving a BET surface area (123&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g), large pore volume (0.36&#xa0;cm<sup>3</sup>/g), and an average pore diameter of 10&#xa0;nm. Confocal microscopy revealed higher surface roughness (Rz up to ~ 58&#xa0;μm), reflecting a more developed and heterogeneous surface topography. Lyophilized BC cryogels showed lower surface area (51&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g) and pore volume (0.13&#xa0;cm<sup>3</sup>/g); however, SEM and confocal analyses indicated that the nanofibrillar network and three-dimensional architecture were largely retained, with only localized fibril aggregation and reduced roughness (~ 28–30&#xa0;μm). EDS confirmed high chemical purity in scCO<sub>2</sub>-dried aerogels, while minor inorganic traces detected in cryogels were attributed to residual components from the tea-based culture medium. Although scCO<sub>2</sub> drying provided slightly superior structural preservation and textural properties, the porous architecture remained comparable between the two methods. Overall, additive-free BC pellicles produced by static cultivation and processed via limited pre-freezing followed by lyophilization provided a structurally comparable and more sustainable alternative, offering a practical balance between textural performance and processing simplicity.&#xa0;These findings underscore the potential of simplified drying strategies for the sustainable fabrication of BC-based porous materials without compromising structural functionality. &#xa0;&#xa0; &#xa0;.</p>

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Effect of drying methods on Acetobacter xylinum bacterial cellulose aerogels and cryogels

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Şebnem Sözcü,
  • Jakub Wiener,
  • Jaroslava Frajová,
  • Mohanapriya Venkataraman,
  • Blanka Tomková,
  • József Kalmár,
  • Attila Forgács,
  • Jiří Militký

摘要

Bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicles were produced from Acetobacter xylinum using a simple, additive-free, and low-cost static cultivation method consistent with sustainable and green bioprocessing principles. Two post-synthesis drying routes were compared: supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) drying following acetone solvent exchange and direct lyophilization without chemical additives or pre-freezing. The resulting BC aerogels and cryogels were characterized by SEM, confocal microscopy, BET analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, EDS, and geometrical evaluation with a particular emphasis on nanostructure, porosity, and network integrity. scCO2-dried BC aerogels exhibited a well-preserved three-dimensional nanofibrillar network, achieving a BET surface area (123 m2/g), large pore volume (0.36 cm3/g), and an average pore diameter of 10 nm. Confocal microscopy revealed higher surface roughness (Rz up to ~ 58 μm), reflecting a more developed and heterogeneous surface topography. Lyophilized BC cryogels showed lower surface area (51 m2/g) and pore volume (0.13 cm3/g); however, SEM and confocal analyses indicated that the nanofibrillar network and three-dimensional architecture were largely retained, with only localized fibril aggregation and reduced roughness (~ 28–30 μm). EDS confirmed high chemical purity in scCO2-dried aerogels, while minor inorganic traces detected in cryogels were attributed to residual components from the tea-based culture medium. Although scCO2 drying provided slightly superior structural preservation and textural properties, the porous architecture remained comparable between the two methods. Overall, additive-free BC pellicles produced by static cultivation and processed via limited pre-freezing followed by lyophilization provided a structurally comparable and more sustainable alternative, offering a practical balance between textural performance and processing simplicity. These findings underscore the potential of simplified drying strategies for the sustainable fabrication of BC-based porous materials without compromising structural functionality.     .