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<p>The renewed interest in rammed earth (RE) as a sustainable construction material requires addressing its inherent limitations related to moisture sensitivity, low tensile capacity, and variability in mechanical performance. This study investigates a stepwise stabilization strategy combining pine fibers (PF) as discrete reinforcement, limestone dust powder (LSP) as a mineral filler, and limestone calcined clay cement (LC<sup>3</sup>) as a low-carbon binder to improve mechanical performance, short-term moisture resistance, and microstructural characteristics of RE composites. This approach also supports sustainability by valorizing forest-derived pine biomass associated with wildfire fuel loads and quarry fines, while reducing clinker content through LC<sup>3</sup> incorporation. Rammed earth blocks were produced with 1% PF and 10–25% LSP, followed by the introduction of a fixed 10% LC<sup>3</sup> dosage into the optimized PF-LSP composition. Performance was evaluated through compaction characteristics, dry and wet compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and 24&#xa0;h water absorption. Microstructural evolution was examined using FESEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA. Among the tested formulations, SREPF1LS20LC10 exhibited the best overall performance, achieving a dry compressive strength of 5.47&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 1.47&#xa0;MPa, UPV of 2858&#xa0;m/s, water absorption of 10.96%, and a wet-to-dry strength ratio of 0.51. Microstructural analyses provided evidence consistent with matrix densification, pore refinement, and the presence of poorly crystalline hydration products and secondary carbonate phases, while fiber-matrix interaction remained predominantly mechanical. Within the investigated design space, the proposed system demonstrates a technically viable and low-carbon pathway for enhancing rammed earth performance, with durability claims limited to short-term moisture resistance indicators.</p>

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Performance enhancement and microstructural characterization of pine fiber-reinforced rammed earth stabilized with limestone powder and LC3

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Randeep,
  • Dina Al Sheikh,
  • Tanuj Kumar Rawat,
  • Krishma Yadav,
  • Gaurav Juneja,
  • Karan Singh,
  • Sandeep Singh,
  • Shashank Prakash,
  • Fida Mohammad Oriakhail

摘要

The renewed interest in rammed earth (RE) as a sustainable construction material requires addressing its inherent limitations related to moisture sensitivity, low tensile capacity, and variability in mechanical performance. This study investigates a stepwise stabilization strategy combining pine fibers (PF) as discrete reinforcement, limestone dust powder (LSP) as a mineral filler, and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) as a low-carbon binder to improve mechanical performance, short-term moisture resistance, and microstructural characteristics of RE composites. This approach also supports sustainability by valorizing forest-derived pine biomass associated with wildfire fuel loads and quarry fines, while reducing clinker content through LC3 incorporation. Rammed earth blocks were produced with 1% PF and 10–25% LSP, followed by the introduction of a fixed 10% LC3 dosage into the optimized PF-LSP composition. Performance was evaluated through compaction characteristics, dry and wet compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and 24 h water absorption. Microstructural evolution was examined using FESEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA. Among the tested formulations, SREPF1LS20LC10 exhibited the best overall performance, achieving a dry compressive strength of 5.47 MPa, flexural strength of 1.47 MPa, UPV of 2858 m/s, water absorption of 10.96%, and a wet-to-dry strength ratio of 0.51. Microstructural analyses provided evidence consistent with matrix densification, pore refinement, and the presence of poorly crystalline hydration products and secondary carbonate phases, while fiber-matrix interaction remained predominantly mechanical. Within the investigated design space, the proposed system demonstrates a technically viable and low-carbon pathway for enhancing rammed earth performance, with durability claims limited to short-term moisture resistance indicators.