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<p>The building sector accounts for a substantial share of global electricity consumption, with HVAC systems dominating energy use in large commercial buildings, particularly in developing countries. This study presents a comparative, climate-specific performance assessment of a hybrid multi-stage evaporative cooling–chiller system, with a specific focus on modifying an indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) unit by utilizing return air as the working air stream which is a configuration rarely evaluated for Indian climatic conditions. The methodology combines psychrometric analysis, real-time system modification, and detailed building heat-load calculations for a large office-scale building across multiple Indian climate zones under summer and monsoon conditions<b>,</b> and benchmarks three configurations: (i) stand-alone chiller, (ii) conventional IEC–chiller system, and (iii) modified IEC–chiller system. Results show that the conventional IEC configuration reduces chiller capacity by 50–60 TR<b>,</b> while the modified multi-stage IEC system achieves a chiller capacity reduction of 80–140 TR, depending on climate and seasonal load. For identical cooling demands, the conventional IEC system consumes 27.53% less electrical energy than a stand-alone chiller, whereas the modified IEC–return air configuration delivers a higher reduction of 34.97%. The modified system also demonstrates superior temperature reduction and wet-bulb effectiveness, particularly under humid monsoon conditions where conventional IEC performance is typically constrained. These findings demonstrate that return-air-assisted multi-stage evaporative cooling significantly enhances chiller load reduction and energy efficiency, offering a technically viable and scalable hybrid cooling solution for large buildings in diverse Indian climates.</p>

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A comparative analysis of multi-stage evaporative cooling and conventional chillers for office-scale cooling loads

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • C. Chiranjeevi,
  • Y. Raja Sekhar,
  • J. Javith,
  • K. Dilip Kumar,
  • Muhammad Asif,
  • Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida,
  • Gabr Goshu Syum

摘要

The building sector accounts for a substantial share of global electricity consumption, with HVAC systems dominating energy use in large commercial buildings, particularly in developing countries. This study presents a comparative, climate-specific performance assessment of a hybrid multi-stage evaporative cooling–chiller system, with a specific focus on modifying an indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) unit by utilizing return air as the working air stream which is a configuration rarely evaluated for Indian climatic conditions. The methodology combines psychrometric analysis, real-time system modification, and detailed building heat-load calculations for a large office-scale building across multiple Indian climate zones under summer and monsoon conditions, and benchmarks three configurations: (i) stand-alone chiller, (ii) conventional IEC–chiller system, and (iii) modified IEC–chiller system. Results show that the conventional IEC configuration reduces chiller capacity by 50–60 TR, while the modified multi-stage IEC system achieves a chiller capacity reduction of 80–140 TR, depending on climate and seasonal load. For identical cooling demands, the conventional IEC system consumes 27.53% less electrical energy than a stand-alone chiller, whereas the modified IEC–return air configuration delivers a higher reduction of 34.97%. The modified system also demonstrates superior temperature reduction and wet-bulb effectiveness, particularly under humid monsoon conditions where conventional IEC performance is typically constrained. These findings demonstrate that return-air-assisted multi-stage evaporative cooling significantly enhances chiller load reduction and energy efficiency, offering a technically viable and scalable hybrid cooling solution for large buildings in diverse Indian climates.