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<p>To investigate the flow field characteristics and optimize negative-pressure stone removal strategies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A three-dimensional CFD model integrating the UAS, flexible ureteroscope, urinary tract, and spherical stone fragments (1–3&#xa0;mm) was developed. The low-Reynolds-number *k-ε* turbulence model was applied to simulate the steady, incompressible flow under varying negative pressures. Stone size, position, and sheath parameters significantly affected removal efficiency. 1&#xa0;mm stones achieved a peak suction force of 0.54 N at 5&#xa0;mm from the scope tip; 2&#xa0;mm stones reached 1.68 N at 45&#xa0;mm, with proximal 1–2&#xa0;mm fragments experiencing repulsion. 3&#xa0;mm stones generated the highest force (6.6 N) at 15&#xa0;mm but showed “jumping” instability due to turbulence. Vortex shedding and low-pressure zones downstream of stones enhanced mobility. The 12/14Fr sheath balanced clearance efficiency and safety. This study revealed that stone size, distance from the scope tip and UAS geometry synergistically regulate clearance efficiency. The identification of a "high-efficiency clearance region" (5–15&#xa0;mm) and optimal 12/14Fr UAS configuration provides actionable insights for clinical practice, while the proposed optimization framework offers a theoretical basis for next-generation UAS design and standardized negative-pressure stone retrieval protocols.</p>

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Computational fluid dynamics-based flow field simulation and optimization of negative-pressure stone removal: stone size, position, and sheath geometry

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Cong Tian,
  • Jun Liu,
  • Qi Di,
  • Baigali Zhang,
  • Bo Yang,
  • Liulin Xiong,
  • Jun Liu

摘要

To investigate the flow field characteristics and optimize negative-pressure stone removal strategies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A three-dimensional CFD model integrating the UAS, flexible ureteroscope, urinary tract, and spherical stone fragments (1–3 mm) was developed. The low-Reynolds-number *k-ε* turbulence model was applied to simulate the steady, incompressible flow under varying negative pressures. Stone size, position, and sheath parameters significantly affected removal efficiency. 1 mm stones achieved a peak suction force of 0.54 N at 5 mm from the scope tip; 2 mm stones reached 1.68 N at 45 mm, with proximal 1–2 mm fragments experiencing repulsion. 3 mm stones generated the highest force (6.6 N) at 15 mm but showed “jumping” instability due to turbulence. Vortex shedding and low-pressure zones downstream of stones enhanced mobility. The 12/14Fr sheath balanced clearance efficiency and safety. This study revealed that stone size, distance from the scope tip and UAS geometry synergistically regulate clearance efficiency. The identification of a "high-efficiency clearance region" (5–15 mm) and optimal 12/14Fr UAS configuration provides actionable insights for clinical practice, while the proposed optimization framework offers a theoretical basis for next-generation UAS design and standardized negative-pressure stone retrieval protocols.