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<p>This study develops a combined preheating and passive cooling strategy to maintain a 2170 lithium-ion battery (LIB) within its optimal operating temperature range of 15–35&#xa0;°C under freezing conditions. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the finite volume method (FVM) is employed to simulate a thermal management structure composed of high-porosity Al₂O₃ foam (ε = 0.9) impregnated with hexadecane as the phase change material (PCM), coupled with an external preheating technique. This work provides a system-level assessment of preheating duration, energy consumption, PCM utilization, and thermal regulation under extreme cold-start conditions down to − 40&#xa0;°C, demonstrating stable temperature uniformity, effective latent heat absorption, and improved thermal safety for cold-climate battery applications. The results show that the preheating stage effectively raises the cell temperature to 15&#xa0;°C, while the PCM–Al₂O₃ foam matrix maintains the temperature below 35&#xa0;°C during discharge. Across all operating conditions, both the average temperature (T<sub>avg</sub>) and maximum temperature (T<sub>max</sub>) increase with C-rate and environmental temperature. At low C-rates (1–2&#xa0;C), the available PCM capacity is sufficient to maintain T<sub>avg</sub> = 20&#xa0;°C and keep T<sub>max</sub> near this level until the end of discharge, whereas at higher C-rates (3–4&#xa0;C), T<sub>avg</sub> and T<sub>max</sub> rise above 20&#xa0;°C once the PCM approaches complete melting.</p>

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Maintaining a 2170 lithium-ion battery’s operating temperature in freezing climates using preheating and an alumina foam PCM structure

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Omar J. Alkhatib,
  • Ali B. M. Ali,
  • Farzona Tursunzoda,
  • Pradeep Kumar Singh,
  • Shimaa A. Hussien,
  • Hamdi Ayed,
  • Mahidzal Dahari,
  • Ibrahim Mahariq

摘要

This study develops a combined preheating and passive cooling strategy to maintain a 2170 lithium-ion battery (LIB) within its optimal operating temperature range of 15–35 °C under freezing conditions. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the finite volume method (FVM) is employed to simulate a thermal management structure composed of high-porosity Al₂O₃ foam (ε = 0.9) impregnated with hexadecane as the phase change material (PCM), coupled with an external preheating technique. This work provides a system-level assessment of preheating duration, energy consumption, PCM utilization, and thermal regulation under extreme cold-start conditions down to − 40 °C, demonstrating stable temperature uniformity, effective latent heat absorption, and improved thermal safety for cold-climate battery applications. The results show that the preheating stage effectively raises the cell temperature to 15 °C, while the PCM–Al₂O₃ foam matrix maintains the temperature below 35 °C during discharge. Across all operating conditions, both the average temperature (Tavg) and maximum temperature (Tmax) increase with C-rate and environmental temperature. At low C-rates (1–2 C), the available PCM capacity is sufficient to maintain Tavg = 20 °C and keep Tmax near this level until the end of discharge, whereas at higher C-rates (3–4 C), Tavg and Tmax rise above 20 °C once the PCM approaches complete melting.