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<p>Textile effluents contain persistent dyes that resist conventional treatment, while opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida tropicalis are increasingly associated with difficult-to-treat infections. Here, monoclinic BiPO₄ and 10&#xa0;mol% Gd–doped BiPO₄ were synthesized by chemical precipitation and linked to UV-driven methylene blue (MB) degradation and antifungal performance. XRD confirmed phase-pure monoclinic BiPO₄, with dopant-induced crystallite refinement (≈ 37 → 34.04&#xa0;nm) and no detectable secondary phases. UV–Vis/Tauc’s analysis showed a red-shifted absorption edge and band-gap narrowing from 3.93&#xa0;eV (BiPO₄) to 3.78&#xa0;eV (Gd–doped BiPO₄). Under UV irradiation (MB 10&#xa0;mg L⁻¹; catalyst 25&#xa0;mg; 500 mL; 60&#xa0;min dark equilibration), Gd–doped BiPO₄ accelerated MB depletion to C<sub>t</sub>/C<sub>0</sub> ≈ 0.06–0.07 after 70&#xa0;min (≈ 93–94% removal), compared with C<sub>t</sub>/C<sub>0</sub> ≈ 0.22 for BiPO₄ (≈ 78% removal), following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.0381 vs. 0.0212&#xa0;min⁻¹). The catalyst retained high activity over six cycles (95% → 88%) with unchanged XRD/FESEM features. In agar well diffusion, Gd–doped BiPO₄ exhibited dose-dependent antifungal inhibition against C. tropicalis with a maximum ZOI of ~ 13&#xa0;mm at 200&#xa0;µg well⁻¹. Overall, Gd incorporation improves charge utilization and enables a stable dual-function photocatalytic/antifungal oxide platform.</p>

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Dual-function Gd–doped BiPO₄ rods enabling durable UV photocatalysis and antifungal activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Sanjeev Kumar,
  • Sandeep Kumar,
  • Jyoti Gaur,
  • Manoj A. Vora,
  • Vandana,
  • Jasdeep Kaur,
  • Kasim Sakran Abass,
  • Mrinmoy Misra,
  • Vinod Kumar,
  • Avdhesh Kumar,
  • Sucheta Prakash,
  • Sandeep Kaushal

摘要

Textile effluents contain persistent dyes that resist conventional treatment, while opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida tropicalis are increasingly associated with difficult-to-treat infections. Here, monoclinic BiPO₄ and 10 mol% Gd–doped BiPO₄ were synthesized by chemical precipitation and linked to UV-driven methylene blue (MB) degradation and antifungal performance. XRD confirmed phase-pure monoclinic BiPO₄, with dopant-induced crystallite refinement (≈ 37 → 34.04 nm) and no detectable secondary phases. UV–Vis/Tauc’s analysis showed a red-shifted absorption edge and band-gap narrowing from 3.93 eV (BiPO₄) to 3.78 eV (Gd–doped BiPO₄). Under UV irradiation (MB 10 mg L⁻¹; catalyst 25 mg; 500 mL; 60 min dark equilibration), Gd–doped BiPO₄ accelerated MB depletion to Ct/C0 ≈ 0.06–0.07 after 70 min (≈ 93–94% removal), compared with Ct/C0 ≈ 0.22 for BiPO₄ (≈ 78% removal), following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.0381 vs. 0.0212 min⁻¹). The catalyst retained high activity over six cycles (95% → 88%) with unchanged XRD/FESEM features. In agar well diffusion, Gd–doped BiPO₄ exhibited dose-dependent antifungal inhibition against C. tropicalis with a maximum ZOI of ~ 13 mm at 200 µg well⁻¹. Overall, Gd incorporation improves charge utilization and enables a stable dual-function photocatalytic/antifungal oxide platform.