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<p>This study presents a novel electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) in milk samples, utilizing a gold electrode modified with chitosan-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube/graphene nanocomposite (CS/f-MWCNTs-Gr). The platform was fabricated through covalent immobilization of an amino-modified aptamer onto the nanocomposite surface, enhancing electronic transmission and biorecognition efficiency. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed stepwise electrode modification, while square wave voltammetry (SWV) quantified AFM<sub>1</sub> via suppression of the [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−/4−</sup> redox signal upon target binding. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (1–1000 nM) covering EU/US regulatory limits, an ultra-low detection limit (0.03 nM, 9.8 ng/L, below EU regulatory limit of 25 ng/kg), and exceptional specificity (&gt; 90% signal suppression against interferents at 10-fold higher concentrations). The aptasensor exhibited high reproducibility (RSD = 5.4%, <i>n</i> = 5) and retained 92% signal after 14-day storage. Validated in commercial milk, it achieved 96–106% recoveries with RSD &lt; 4.9% (<i>n</i> = 5), outperforming reference methods in precision and practicality. This cost-effective platform shows significant potential for on-site monitoring of mycotoxins in dairy products.</p>

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Ultrasensitive on-site detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk using a chitosan-MWCNT-graphene nanocomposite aptasensor with sub-regulatory limit capability

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Romina Vahab Zadeh,
  • Ali Mohamadi Sani,
  • Vahid Hakimzadeh,
  • Afshin Farahbakhsh

摘要

This study presents a novel electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk samples, utilizing a gold electrode modified with chitosan-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube/graphene nanocomposite (CS/f-MWCNTs-Gr). The platform was fabricated through covalent immobilization of an amino-modified aptamer onto the nanocomposite surface, enhancing electronic transmission and biorecognition efficiency. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed stepwise electrode modification, while square wave voltammetry (SWV) quantified AFM1 via suppression of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox signal upon target binding. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (1–1000 nM) covering EU/US regulatory limits, an ultra-low detection limit (0.03 nM, 9.8 ng/L, below EU regulatory limit of 25 ng/kg), and exceptional specificity (> 90% signal suppression against interferents at 10-fold higher concentrations). The aptasensor exhibited high reproducibility (RSD = 5.4%, n = 5) and retained 92% signal after 14-day storage. Validated in commercial milk, it achieved 96–106% recoveries with RSD < 4.9% (n = 5), outperforming reference methods in precision and practicality. This cost-effective platform shows significant potential for on-site monitoring of mycotoxins in dairy products.