<p>The association of long COVID with health-related quality-of-life (HrQOL) has not been well-characterized. Participants who received blinded placebo in the ACTIV-2/A5401 outpatient COVID-19 treatment trial were included in an analysis of the association of long COVID with HrQOL (both pre-specified exploratory trial endpoints) 9&#xa0;months after acute COVID-19. Long COVID was defined as presence of self-assessed COVID-19 symptoms and HrQOL was assessed with EQ-5D-5L and SF-36v2 questionnaires. Associations were evaluated by Fisher’s exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Of 546 participants, 13% had long COVID. Long COVID was associated with greater risk of reported problems in the EQ-5D-5L dimensions of mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression (risk ratios 3.45–6.00, all p &lt; 0.001) and worse self-reported health scores (median 80 vs. 95, p &lt; 0.001). Participants with long COVID also had worse SF-36v2 composite physical and mental component scores (both p &lt; 0.001) and individual SF-36 domain scores (physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health; all p &lt; 0.001). Associations were similar regardless of baseline (pre-COVID-19) medical history. Long COVID is associated with impaired HrQOL across multiple domains, highlighting the need to develop preventative and therapeutic interventions for this protean condition.</p>

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Association of long COVID with health-related quality-of-life outcomes

  • Malini M. Gandhi,
  • Carlee Moser,
  • Judith S. Currier,
  • Justin Ritz,
  • Joseph J. Eron,
  • Eric S. Daar,
  • David A. Wohl,
  • William A. Fischer II,
  • Upinder Singh,
  • Michael D. Hughes,
  • Davey M. Smith,
  • Teresa H. Evering,
  • Kara W. Chew,
  • Davey Smith,
  • Arzhang Cyrus Javan,
  • Mark Giganti,
  • Lara Hosey,
  • Jhoanna Roa,
  • Nilam Patel,
  • Kelly Colsh,
  • Irene Rwakazina,
  • Justine Beck,
  • Scott Sieg,
  • Jonathan Li,
  • Courtney Fletcher,
  • Rachel Bender Ignacio,
  • Sandra Cardoso,
  • Katya Corado,
  • Prasanna Jagannathan,
  • Nikolaus Jilg,
  • Alan Perelson,
  • Sandy Pillay,
  • Cynthia Riviere,
  • Upinder Singh,
  • Babafemi Taiwo,
  • Joan Gottesman,
  • Matthew Newell,
  • Susan Pedersen,
  • Joan Dragavon,
  • Cheryl Jennings,
  • Brian Greenfelder,
  • William Murtaugh,
  • Jan Kosmyna,
  • Morgan Gapara,
  • Akbar Shahkolahi,
  • David Margolis,
  • Paul Klekotka,
  • Robert A. Gasser Jr,
  • Rick Finnegan,
  • Edgar Charles,
  • Bob Szurgot,
  • Mark J. Main,
  • Verónica Lacal,
  • Diego Salusso,
  • Sebastian Nuñez,
  • Marcelo Rodrigo Rodriguez,
  • Luciana Laborde,
  • Marcelo Papasidero,
  • Luis Wehbe,
  • Mariana Gonzalez,
  • Felicitas Fernandez Voena,
  • Tomas Alvarez,
  • Amaru Lopez,
  • Virginia Huhn,
  • Ulises D´Andrea Nores,
  • Pablo Dieser,
  • Fernando Bordese,
  • Marisa Mussi,
  • Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana,
  • Adriana Aparecida Tiraboschi Bárbaro,
  • Breno Santos,
  • Rita de Cássia Alves Lira,
  • Andre Luiz Machado da Silva,
  • Sandra Wagner Cardoso,
  • Maria Pia Diniz Ribeiro,
  • Nathália Soliva,
  • Eduardo Vasconcellos,
  • Jorge Eurico Ribeiro,
  • Miriam Amaral Enéas,
  • Jorge Pinto,
  • Julia Fonseca de Morais Caporali,
  • Flávia Gomes Faleiro Ferreira,
  • Norma Erendira Rivera Martinez,
  • Victor Casildo Bohorquez Lopez,
  • Melchor Victor Frias,
  • Krystle Fetalvero,
  • Alyxzza Maranan,
  • Jennifer Rosa,
  • Thomas Coetzer,
  • Maureen Mohata,
  • Umesh Lalloo,
  • Sandy Pillay,
  • Penelope Madlala,
  • Larisha Pillay-Ramaya,
  • Jaclyn Ann Bennet,
  • Noluthando Mwelase,
  • Nokuphiwa Mbhele,
  • Frederick Petrick,
  • Leonard Joubert,
  • Rose Mbali,
  • Natasha Joseph,
  • Mmatsie Manentsa,
  • Eugene van der Walt,
  • Mduduzi Sandile Lawrance Masilela,
  • Zinhle Zwane,
  • Tendai Chiperera,
  • Lerato Mohapi,
  • Suri Moonsamy,
  • Usha Singh,
  • Kirsten McHarry,
  • Elizma Snyman,
  • Pieter Lennox,
  • James Craig Innes,
  • Oteng Letlape,
  • Olebogeng Jonkane,
  • William Brumskine,
  • Tania Adonis,
  • Ni Ni Sein,
  • Modulakgotla Sebe,
  • Yacoob Vahed,
  • Nazreen Jeewa Hussen,
  • Ismail Mitha,
  • Vasundhara Cheekati,
  • Purna Cheekati,
  • Christie Lummus,
  • Samuel Idarraga,
  • Andrew Kim,
  • David N. Pham,
  • Wei-Hsin Kao,
  • Michael M. Pfeffer,
  • Miriam Batule Dominguez,
  • Anju Malik,
  • Anna Bryan,
  • Melanie Arnold,
  • Idania Fernandez,
  • Cinzia Karpf,
  • Aniuska Ruiz,
  • David Taylor,
  • Eric Folkens,
  • Jennifer Manne,
  • Sigal Yawetz,
  • Cheryl Keenan,
  • Emeka Eziri,
  • Carl Fichtenbaum,
  • Jenifer Baer,
  • Sarah Trentman,
  • Robert Call,
  • Leroy Vaughan,
  • Aaron Milstone,
  • Jamie Alex Slandzicki,
  • Jessica Wallan,
  • Clinton Guillory,
  • Nancy Andrews,
  • Leslie Hughes,
  • Teresa H. Evering,
  • Jonathan Berardi,
  • Celine Arar,
  • Randall Quinn,
  • Jorge P. Amaya,
  • Marissa Gomez-Martinez,
  • Luis Cantu,
  • Monica Betancourt-Garcia,
  • Nwora Lance Okeke,
  • Charles M. Burns,
  • Fadi Haddad,
  • Victoria Haddad,
  • Augusto Focil,
  • Griselda Rosas,
  • Susana Moyano,
  • Yaneicy Gonzalez Rojas,
  • Ahmad Aswad,
  • Yevgeniy Bukhman,
  • Manish Jain,
  • Eugene Bukhman,
  • Humam Farah,
  • Rebekah McClain,
  • Eric Daar,
  • Sadia Shaik,
  • Timothy Hatlen,
  • Deepa Gotur,
  • Joseph Surber,
  • Jeffrey Kingsley,
  • April Pixler,
  • Alex Zopo,
  • Jack Herman,
  • Craig Herman,
  • Ramon Leon,
  • Boris Nikolov,
  • Fernando Gonzalez Vergara,
  • Ana I. Gonzalez,
  • Noemi Gonzalez,
  • Michael Gelman,
  • Olga Andriunas,
  • Zarema Jagizarov,
  • Jan Westerman,
  • David Davis,
  • Donna Sherer,
  • Kelly Dooley,
  • Becky Becker,
  • Adaliah Wilkins,
  • Jose Pérez,
  • Eloy Roman,
  • Heriberto Fernández,
  • Bharat Mocherla,
  • Kelly Beck,
  • Valarie Maldonado,
  • Jennifer Veltman,
  • Rajesh Gandhi,
  • Katrina Shea,
  • Matthew Planchon,
  • Laura Bogan Herpel,
  • Kaushlendra K. Tripathi,
  • Donald C. Day Sr.,
  • John Pullman,
  • Erin Williams-Leber,
  • Misty Johnson,
  • Michelle Hecker,
  • Ann Avery,
  • Keila Hoover,
  • George W. Monlux Jr,
  • Elizabeth Juneja,
  • Arthur Wernick,
  • Karelia Ruiz,
  • Maureen Hernández,
  • Yadilys Pérez,
  • Babafemi O. Taiwo,
  • Claudia Hawkins,
  • Baiba Berzins,
  • Carlos Malvestutto,
  • Heather Harber,
  • Robyn Cicarella,
  • Edwin DeJesus,
  • Charlotte-Paige Rolle,
  • Almena L. Free,
  • Sallie D. Pulliam,
  • Debra Weinstein,
  • Rosa M. Suarez,
  • Ezequiel Socorro,
  • Estefania Socorro,
  • Gene Neytman,
  • Jack Herman,
  • Craig Herman,
  • Raymond Easley,
  • Mariam Aziz,
  • Joan Swiatek,
  • Avish Nagpal,
  • Breanna Kompelien,
  • Kathryn McEvoy,
  • Susan E. Hoover,
  • Allison Lutz,
  • Jessica Just,
  • Manuel Hernandez,
  • Yanly B. Victoria,
  • Gabriel Rodriguez,
  • Upinder Singh,
  • Prasanna Jagannathan,
  • Divya Pathak,
  • Joshua J. Ordway,
  • Megan Heffner,
  • Patrick Weston,
  • Khalilah Weston,
  • Madhu Choudhary,
  • Jennifer Sullivano,
  • Olayemi Osiyemi,
  • Myriam Izquierdo,
  • Odelsey Torna,
  • Brian Clemency,
  • Renoj Varughese,
  • Joshua Lynch,
  • Kara Chew,
  • Aleen Khodabakhshian,
  • Samantha Fortier,
  • Christopher Coyne,
  • Alexandrea Cronin,
  • Constance Benson,
  • Steven Hendrickx,
  • Rosemarie Ramirez,
  • Anne Luetkemeyer,
  • Suzanne Hendler,
  • Dennis Dentoni-Lasofsky,
  • Mobeen Rathore,
  • Saniyyah Mahmoudi,
  • Amna Riaz,
  • Mario Castro,
  • Leslie Spikes,
  • Chase Hall,
  • David Wohl,
  • Jonathan Oakes,
  • Amy James Loftis,
  • Pablo Tebas,
  • William Short,
  • Michael P. Dube,
  • Saahir Khan,
  • Luis M. Mendez,
  • Rachel Bender Ignacio,
  • Sarah McGuffin,
  • Chris Jonsson,
  • Mamta K. Jain,
  • Smruthi Senthil,
  • Kimberly Turner-Gray,
  • Sanjay Mehta,
  • David Davey Smith,
  • Mary Lewinski,
  • Masoud Azizad,
  • Christopher Chow,
  • Lisa Nakatani,
  • Derrick Williamson,
  • Hisham Atriss,
  • Matthew Caloura,
  • Midhun Malla,
  • Hannah Hazard-Jenkins,
  • Aimee Wilkin,
  • Jamraus Fayssoux,
  • Hannah Seagle,
  • Rachel Presti,
  • Alem Haile

摘要

The association of long COVID with health-related quality-of-life (HrQOL) has not been well-characterized. Participants who received blinded placebo in the ACTIV-2/A5401 outpatient COVID-19 treatment trial were included in an analysis of the association of long COVID with HrQOL (both pre-specified exploratory trial endpoints) 9 months after acute COVID-19. Long COVID was defined as presence of self-assessed COVID-19 symptoms and HrQOL was assessed with EQ-5D-5L and SF-36v2 questionnaires. Associations were evaluated by Fisher’s exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Of 546 participants, 13% had long COVID. Long COVID was associated with greater risk of reported problems in the EQ-5D-5L dimensions of mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression (risk ratios 3.45–6.00, all p < 0.001) and worse self-reported health scores (median 80 vs. 95, p < 0.001). Participants with long COVID also had worse SF-36v2 composite physical and mental component scores (both p < 0.001) and individual SF-36 domain scores (physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health; all p < 0.001). Associations were similar regardless of baseline (pre-COVID-19) medical history. Long COVID is associated with impaired HrQOL across multiple domains, highlighting the need to develop preventative and therapeutic interventions for this protean condition.