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<p>Pristine ZnO, binary CdZnO, and ternary NiCdZnO nanocomposites were synthesized via simple co-precipitation method and systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM/HRTEM, EDX mapping, Raman spectroscopy, PL, DRS, UV–VIS, and BET analyses. The results confirmed well-crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structures with controlled morphology, mesoporosity, and band-gap tuning (3.2&#xa0;eV for ZnO, 3.0&#xa0;eV for CdZnO, and 2.45&#xa0;eV for NiCdZnO). Photoluminescence analysis revealed reduced electron–hole recombination in the Cd- and Ni-modified nanocomposites. Under UV-VIS irradiation, NiCdZnO achieved 95% degradation of Allura Red (AR) dye within 50&#xa0;min, compared with 80% for CdZnO and 50% for ZnO, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. COD analysis further confirmed strong mineralization, with NiCdZnO showing 95–100% reduction at 10 ppm, outperforming CdZnO (80%) and ZnO (65%). Radical scavenging experiments indicated the involvement of reactive oxygen species, while recyclability tests demonstrated stable performance. These results indicate that Cd and Ni incorporation into ZnO can generate a synergistic enhancement in photocatalytic activity, and the present study provides a detailed evaluation of this co-modified system for the degradation of AR dye, a target pollutant that has not been widely explored with such nanocomposites.</p>

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NiCd/ZnO nanocomposites: novel materials for photocatalytic degradation of Allura Red dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Shakeel Khan,
  • Muhammad Sadiq,
  • Niaz Muhammad,
  • Awal Noor,
  • Sadaf Qayyum,
  • Mohd Farhan

摘要

Pristine ZnO, binary CdZnO, and ternary NiCdZnO nanocomposites were synthesized via simple co-precipitation method and systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM/HRTEM, EDX mapping, Raman spectroscopy, PL, DRS, UV–VIS, and BET analyses. The results confirmed well-crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structures with controlled morphology, mesoporosity, and band-gap tuning (3.2 eV for ZnO, 3.0 eV for CdZnO, and 2.45 eV for NiCdZnO). Photoluminescence analysis revealed reduced electron–hole recombination in the Cd- and Ni-modified nanocomposites. Under UV-VIS irradiation, NiCdZnO achieved 95% degradation of Allura Red (AR) dye within 50 min, compared with 80% for CdZnO and 50% for ZnO, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. COD analysis further confirmed strong mineralization, with NiCdZnO showing 95–100% reduction at 10 ppm, outperforming CdZnO (80%) and ZnO (65%). Radical scavenging experiments indicated the involvement of reactive oxygen species, while recyclability tests demonstrated stable performance. These results indicate that Cd and Ni incorporation into ZnO can generate a synergistic enhancement in photocatalytic activity, and the present study provides a detailed evaluation of this co-modified system for the degradation of AR dye, a target pollutant that has not been widely explored with such nanocomposites.