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<p>Invention of high-performance, environmentally friendly disazo acid dyes (D<sub>1</sub>-D<sub>4</sub>) intended for sustainable textile coloring and pH-responsive sensing applications is reported in this study. Sulphanilic acid and other aromatic derivatives were used in simplified diazotization-coupling procedure to create dyes. Effective integration of azo and sulfonate groups, guaranteeing superior water solubility, was verified by structural characterization. Dyes created bright, high-affinity orange and red colors with remarkable wash and light fastness (ratings: 4–5) when applied to wool and nylon. λ<sub>max</sub> values in UV-vis spectra varied according to substituent location, from 479 to 485&#xa0;nm. Notably, protonation-deprotonation balance drives Dye D<sub>1</sub>’s reversible, “smart” color shift from brown to pink in response to pH changes. Among synthesized dyes, D<sub>1</sub> showed a clear and reversible pH-responsive color change, going from brown to pink under increasingly acidic conditions, while D<sub>3</sub> showed mild pH sensitivity and dyes D<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>4</sub> remained color-stable throughout tested pH range of 2–4, displaying distinct chromatic stability profiles. Compared to nylon, the K/S and fastness qualities of wool materials were higher. These results show that synthesized dyes have great promise for creation of novel, pH-sensitive smart fabrics in addition to offering excellent technical performance and high fixing, which reduces environmental leaching.</p>

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Designing eco-friendly pH-responsive Azo dyes for sustainable textile fabrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月11日

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  • Kiran Shahzadi,
  • Muhammad Sarfraz,
  • Muneerah Alomar,
  • Maryam Al Huwayz,
  • Adeolu A. Adediran

摘要

Invention of high-performance, environmentally friendly disazo acid dyes (D1-D4) intended for sustainable textile coloring and pH-responsive sensing applications is reported in this study. Sulphanilic acid and other aromatic derivatives were used in simplified diazotization-coupling procedure to create dyes. Effective integration of azo and sulfonate groups, guaranteeing superior water solubility, was verified by structural characterization. Dyes created bright, high-affinity orange and red colors with remarkable wash and light fastness (ratings: 4–5) when applied to wool and nylon. λmax values in UV-vis spectra varied according to substituent location, from 479 to 485 nm. Notably, protonation-deprotonation balance drives Dye D1’s reversible, “smart” color shift from brown to pink in response to pH changes. Among synthesized dyes, D1 showed a clear and reversible pH-responsive color change, going from brown to pink under increasingly acidic conditions, while D3 showed mild pH sensitivity and dyes D2 and D4 remained color-stable throughout tested pH range of 2–4, displaying distinct chromatic stability profiles. Compared to nylon, the K/S and fastness qualities of wool materials were higher. These results show that synthesized dyes have great promise for creation of novel, pH-sensitive smart fabrics in addition to offering excellent technical performance and high fixing, which reduces environmental leaching.