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<p>Coronal holes (CHs) are known to be sources of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs), yet the physical mechanisms linking CH position and characteristics to solar wind (SW) behaviour remain unclear. Our results reveal that the latitude of CHs, especially smaller ones, combined with the heliographic latitude of the solar disk’s central point (B0 angle), plays a critical role in driving discrepancies in SW velocity across the heliosphere. To investigate this, we use archival data from STEREO-B, STEREO-A, and Earth to simulate an L5-L1 configuration, where L5 is a vantage point approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_97246_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(60^\circ\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> behind Earth in its orbit (as proposed for the Vigil mission), and L1 is between Earth and the Sun where SW measurements are typically taken. We use these insights to develop a predictive algorithm for HSSs, beginning with an analysis of the separation angle and distances between L5 and L1. We then introduce a predictive indicator and empirical criteria based on CH properties and the B0 angle to adjust for changes in SW velocity at L1. Our results show that the L5 viewpoint demonstrates the capability to significantly improve the accuracy and lead times of HSS predictions, enhancing our understanding of the CH-HSS relationship and potentially improving space weather forecasting.</p>

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Simulating high-speed solar wind streams from coronal holes using an L5-L1 configuration of Lagrangian points

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月15日

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  • Tatiana Podladchikova,
  • Astrid M. Veronig,
  • Manuela Temmer,
  • Stefan J. Hofmeister

摘要

Coronal holes (CHs) are known to be sources of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs), yet the physical mechanisms linking CH position and characteristics to solar wind (SW) behaviour remain unclear. Our results reveal that the latitude of CHs, especially smaller ones, combined with the heliographic latitude of the solar disk’s central point (B0 angle), plays a critical role in driving discrepancies in SW velocity across the heliosphere. To investigate this, we use archival data from STEREO-B, STEREO-A, and Earth to simulate an L5-L1 configuration, where L5 is a vantage point approximately \(60^\circ\) behind Earth in its orbit (as proposed for the Vigil mission), and L1 is between Earth and the Sun where SW measurements are typically taken. We use these insights to develop a predictive algorithm for HSSs, beginning with an analysis of the separation angle and distances between L5 and L1. We then introduce a predictive indicator and empirical criteria based on CH properties and the B0 angle to adjust for changes in SW velocity at L1. Our results show that the L5 viewpoint demonstrates the capability to significantly improve the accuracy and lead times of HSS predictions, enhancing our understanding of the CH-HSS relationship and potentially improving space weather forecasting.