The plastic deformation behavior of selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printed SS316L steel has been analyzed at the temperature range 25- 1000℃ (25 (room temperature), 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000℃) and strain rate range 10−3-103s−1 (10−3, 10−2, 10−1, 100, 101, 102 and 103 s−1) under compressive loading environments. The flow stress vs. plastic strain results revealed that the flow stress was reduced 136.64% from room temperature to 1000℃ at 10−3s−1. Further, the flow stress was decreased 102.86% from room temperature to 1000℃ at 103s−1. The flow stress was increased 46.63% from 10−3s−1 to 103s−1 at room temperature. Moreover, the flow stress was increased 95.07% from 10−3s−1 to 103s−1 at 1000℃. The temperature and strain rate effect on strain rate sensitivity (m) has been observed for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. Based on strain rate sensitivity (m), the power dissipation efficiency (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_96243_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\eta\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and instability dimensionless parameter (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_96243_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\xi\:\left(\dot{\epsilon\:}\right)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) map plot contours have been investigated under various hot working parameters for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. Further, hot working processing maps have been generated by superimposing instability dimensionless parameters (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_96243_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\xi\:\left(\dot{\epsilon\:}\right)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) map on the power dissipation efficiency (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_96243_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\eta\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) map for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. The processing map was further related with investigated material microstructure to identify the hot processing safe and unsafe zone for SLM 3D printed SS316L. The unsafe instability region occurred at the low strain rate range (10−2 – 10−1 s−1), high strain rate range (102-103 s−1) and temperature range (200–400℃, and 800 − 100℃) for 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 strain. Further, the remaining area was useful for hot workability. The Vicker’s hardness revealed that the hardness was decreased with 3.87%, 12.55%, 22.01%, 32.35%, and 43.70% at 2000C, 4000C, 6000C, 8000C and 10000C respectively with respect to room temperature hardness.

Synergistic mechanisms of temperature and strain rate on plastic deformation in SLM 3D printed SS316L utilizing hot processing map analysis

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2025年5月9日

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Ambuj Saxena,
Shashi Prakash Dwivedi,
Shubham Sharma,
Neeraj Mishra,
Tarun Kumar Gupta,
N. Beemkumar,
Ankit Kedia,
V. Nagabhushana Rao,
Ehab El Sayed Massoud,
Dražan Kozak,
Jasmina Lozanovic

摘要

The plastic deformation behavior of selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printed SS316L steel has been analyzed at the temperature range 25- 1000℃ (25 (room temperature), 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000℃) and strain rate range 10⁻³-10³s⁻¹ (10⁻³, 10⁻², 10⁻¹, 10⁰, 10¹, 10² and 10³ s⁻¹) under compressive loading environments. The flow stress vs. plastic strain results revealed that the flow stress was reduced 136.64% from room temperature to 1000℃ at 10⁻³s⁻¹. Further, the flow stress was decreased 102.86% from room temperature to 1000℃ at 10³s⁻¹. The flow stress was increased 46.63% from 10⁻³s⁻¹ to 10³s⁻¹ at room temperature. Moreover, the flow stress was increased 95.07% from 10⁻³s⁻¹ to 10³s⁻¹ at 1000℃. The temperature and strain rate effect on strain rate sensitivity (m) has been observed for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. Based on strain rate sensitivity (m), the power dissipation efficiency ( \(\:\eta\:\) ) and instability dimensionless parameter ( \(\:\xi\:\left(\dot{\epsilon\:}\right)\) ) map plot contours have been investigated under various hot working parameters for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. Further, hot working processing maps have been generated by superimposing instability dimensionless parameters ( \(\:\xi\:\left(\dot{\epsilon\:}\right)\) ) map on the power dissipation efficiency ( \(\:\eta\:\) ) map for SLM 3D printed SS316L steel. The processing map was further related with investigated material microstructure to identify the hot processing safe and unsafe zone for SLM 3D printed SS316L. The unsafe instability region occurred at the low strain rate range (10⁻² – 10⁻¹ s⁻¹), high strain rate range (10²-10³ s⁻¹) and temperature range (200–400℃, and 800 − 100℃) for 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 strain. Further, the remaining area was useful for hot workability. The Vicker’s hardness revealed that the hardness was decreased with 3.87%, 12.55%, 22.01%, 32.35%, and 43.70% at 200⁰C, 400⁰C, 600⁰C, 800⁰C and 1000⁰C respectively with respect to room temperature hardness.