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<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) levels combined with the supplementation of a microencapsulated phytonutrients pellet made from a mixture of lemongrass and dragon fruit peel (MiEn-LEDRAGON) on gas production, degradability, fermentation characteristics, and microbial diversity using the in vitro gas technique. A 4 &#xa0;×&#xa0;2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study, with four levels of CP in the concentrate diet (10, 12, 14, and 16% dry matter; DM) combined with two levels of MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation (0 and 3% in the total DM substrate). The results of this study demonstrated that there were no interaction effects between CP levels and MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation on gas production, degradability, fermentation characteristics, end-product formation, or microbial dynamics (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Additionally, increasing CP levels in the concentrate diet had no effect on cumulative gas production, gas kinetics, in vitro degradability, volatile fatty acids (VFA), or methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) production (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), but it did enhance in vitro pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N), as well as increase the number of <i>Fibrobacter succinogenes</i> at 24&#xa0;h (h) of incubation time (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the study revealed higher cumulative gas production, degradability, NH<sub>3</sub>-N, pH values, total VFA at 24&#xa0;h of incubation, proportions of propionate (C3) at 12&#xa0;and&#xa0;24&#xa0;h of incubation, and butyrate (C4) at 12&#xa0;h of incubation, as well as increased numbers of <i>F. succinogenes</i>, <i>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</i>, and <i>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus</i> at 12&#xa0;h of incubation when supplemented with 3% MiEn-LEDRAGON in the total DM substrate (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). It also decreased the proportion of acetate (C2), CH<sub>4</sub> production, and the populations of methanogens (<i>Methanobacteriales</i>) and <i>Ruminococcus</i> species (<i>Ruminococcus albus</i> and <i>Ruminococcus flavefaciens</i>) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In summary, this study found that increasing CP levels in the concentrate diet did not negatively affect gas production, fermentation characteristics, end-product formation, or microbial dynamics. Moreover, MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation could serve as an effective rumen-enhancing feed additive rich in phytonutrients for ruminants while also mitigating ruminal CH<sub>4</sub> production.</p>

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In vitro fermentation characteristics, microbial changes and gas production of microencapsulated phytonutrient pellets at varying dietary crude protein levels

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月2日

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  • Chaichana Suriyapha,
  • Sunisa Pongsub,
  • Sukruthai Sommai,
  • Srisan Phupaboon,
  • Gamonmas Dagaew,
  • Uswatun Muslykhah,
  • Maharach Matra,
  • Vongpasith Chanthakhoun,
  • Theerachai Haitook,
  • Metha Wanapat

摘要

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) levels combined with the supplementation of a microencapsulated phytonutrients pellet made from a mixture of lemongrass and dragon fruit peel (MiEn-LEDRAGON) on gas production, degradability, fermentation characteristics, and microbial diversity using the in vitro gas technique. A 4  × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study, with four levels of CP in the concentrate diet (10, 12, 14, and 16% dry matter; DM) combined with two levels of MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation (0 and 3% in the total DM substrate). The results of this study demonstrated that there were no interaction effects between CP levels and MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation on gas production, degradability, fermentation characteristics, end-product formation, or microbial dynamics (p > 0.05). Additionally, increasing CP levels in the concentrate diet had no effect on cumulative gas production, gas kinetics, in vitro degradability, volatile fatty acids (VFA), or methane (CH4) production (p > 0.05), but it did enhance in vitro pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), as well as increase the number of Fibrobacter succinogenes at 24 h (h) of incubation time (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the study revealed higher cumulative gas production, degradability, NH3-N, pH values, total VFA at 24 h of incubation, proportions of propionate (C3) at 12 and 24 h of incubation, and butyrate (C4) at 12 h of incubation, as well as increased numbers of F. succinogenes, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus at 12 h of incubation when supplemented with 3% MiEn-LEDRAGON in the total DM substrate (p < 0.05). It also decreased the proportion of acetate (C2), CH4 production, and the populations of methanogens (Methanobacteriales) and Ruminococcus species (Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) (p < 0.05). In summary, this study found that increasing CP levels in the concentrate diet did not negatively affect gas production, fermentation characteristics, end-product formation, or microbial dynamics. Moreover, MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation could serve as an effective rumen-enhancing feed additive rich in phytonutrients for ruminants while also mitigating ruminal CH4 production.