Semiconductor nanoparticles are significant for technological applications, particularly in photonics. The main purpose is the focus on exploring the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristic of pure NiO and doped NiO nanopowders (NPs) with 5% of Cu, Co and Fe elements were synthesized via Co-precipitation method. The study confirmed the nanoscale structure of synthesized materials through Co-precipitation, analyzed their linear and nonlinear optical characteristics, and validated these characteristics using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray Diffraction XRD techniques. The investigation utilized Miller’s rule and Fournier and Snitzer’s equation to precisely assess linear susceptibility, energy of dispersion, and z-scan data polarizable constituent density, while also examining the impact of substitution and crystallite size on nonlinear parameters. To explore the NLO properties of the nanopowders, the Z-scan method with a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser was utilized on laser incident powers of P0 = 15, 20 and 25 mW. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index determined by the Z-scan method were approximately (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({10}^{-4}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({10}^{-9}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), respectively. At P0 = 25 mW, for CuNiO and CrNiO the NLR and the NLA reverse saturable absorption reaction is seen at the 5.88 × 10−9and 5.40 × 10−9 m2/W and 11.3 × 10−3 and 12.1 × 10−3 m/W quantities, respectively. In this study, given that the z-scan measurement technique is a precise method, we calculate the parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({E}_{d}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Subsequently, utilizing the relationships derived from WD, we extract linear optical parameters such as <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\chi }^{1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Furthermore, by determining the Urbach energy <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_94079_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({E}_{u}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, investigate the correlation of this energy with defects and examine its influence on optical parameters.The remarkable nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of the prepared nanopowders highlight their potential for developing effective optical limiting devices to safeguard eyes and sensors from harmful radiation of laser.

Study of Z-scan technique, dispersion energy, and Wemple–DiDomenico model on Cu, Cr and Fe doped NiO nanopowder for the determination of nonlinear and linear optical characteristics

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2025年3月22日

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Farzaneh Asaldoust,
Khosro Mabhouti,
Akbar Jafari,
Maryam Taleb-Abbasi

摘要

Semiconductor nanoparticles are significant for technological applications, particularly in photonics. The main purpose is the focus on exploring the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristic of pure NiO and doped NiO nanopowders (NPs) with 5% of Cu, Co and Fe elements were synthesized via Co-precipitation method. The study confirmed the nanoscale structure of synthesized materials through Co-precipitation, analyzed their linear and nonlinear optical characteristics, and validated these characteristics using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray Diffraction XRD techniques. The investigation utilized Miller’s rule and Fournier and Snitzer’s equation to precisely assess linear susceptibility, energy of dispersion, and z-scan data polarizable constituent density, while also examining the impact of substitution and crystallite size on nonlinear parameters. To explore the NLO properties of the nanopowders, the Z-scan method with a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser was utilized on laser incident powers of P₀ = 15, 20 and 25 mW. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index determined by the Z-scan method were approximately ( \({10}^{-4}\) ) and ( \({10}^{-9}\) ), respectively. At P₀ = 25 mW, for CuNiO and CrNiO the NLR and the NLA reverse saturable absorption reaction is seen at the 5.88 × 10⁻⁹and 5.40 × 10⁻⁹ m²/W and 11.3 × 10⁻³ and 12.1 × 10⁻³ m/W quantities, respectively. In this study, given that the z-scan measurement technique is a precise method, we calculate the parameter \({E}_{d}\) . Subsequently, utilizing the relationships derived from WD, we extract linear optical parameters such as \({\chi }^{1}\) and \(N\) . Furthermore, by determining the Urbach energy \({E}_{u}\) , investigate the correlation of this energy with defects and examine its influence on optical parameters.The remarkable nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of the prepared nanopowders highlight their potential for developing effective optical limiting devices to safeguard eyes and sensors from harmful radiation of laser.