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<p>The introduction of bisphenol-S (BPS) in substitution of bisphenol-A (BPA) has become argumentative owing to their endocrine destructive properties and insufficient comparative ecotoxicity assessments. Thus,&#xa0;comparative effects of long-term, low-dose BPA and BPS exposure on the development of juvenile zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) were investigated. Juvenile zebrafish (age: 21&#xa0;days; weight: ~ 61.5&#xa0;mg; length: ~ 7.56&#xa0;mm) were exposed to environmentally-relevant 50&#xa0;µg/L of BPA, BPS, and control for ~ 60&#xa0;days in triplicate.&#xa0;Both BPA and BPS significantly increased length <i>(p</i> = <i>0.00)</i>, weight <i>(p</i> = <i>0.00)</i>, specific growth rate <i>(p</i> = <i>0.00)</i>, female preponderance (<i>p</i> = <i>0.003</i>), mortality (<i>p</i> = <i>0.017</i>), ammonia excretion (<i>p</i> = <i>0.00</i>), and aggression (<i>p</i> = <i>0.00</i>) in zebrafish compared to control. Both bisphenols significantly reduced fish swimming speed in a comparable manner (<i>p</i> = <i>0.001</i>). A notably higher female-biased-sex ratio was observed in BPS than in BPA (<i>p</i> = <i>0.003</i>). The length gain (<i>p</i> = <i>0.014</i>) and aggression (<i>p</i> = <i>0.032</i>) were higher in BPA-treated fish than in BPS. However, a significant difference was not shown in body mass index (<i>p</i> = <i>0.295</i>) and condition factor (<i>p</i> = <i>0.256</i>) between bisphenols and control (<i>p</i> &lt; <i>0.05</i>). BPA and BPS exposure led to hyperplasia, mucous secretion, aneurism in fish gills, vacuolization and necrosis in liver. Therefore, BPS (~ 50&#xa0;µg/L) also imposes noteworthy threats to aquatic wildlife, emphasizing the necessity of toxicity assessments and regular monitoring aiming at bespoken environmental standards for freshwater.</p>

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Bisphenol-S exposure of zebrafish unveils the hidden risks of bisphenol paradigm with growth, developmental, and behavioral impacts similar to bisphenol-A

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月20日

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  • Divani Shanika,
  • Gayani Rajapaksa

摘要

The introduction of bisphenol-S (BPS) in substitution of bisphenol-A (BPA) has become argumentative owing to their endocrine destructive properties and insufficient comparative ecotoxicity assessments. Thus, comparative effects of long-term, low-dose BPA and BPS exposure on the development of juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated. Juvenile zebrafish (age: 21 days; weight: ~ 61.5 mg; length: ~ 7.56 mm) were exposed to environmentally-relevant 50 µg/L of BPA, BPS, and control for ~ 60 days in triplicate. Both BPA and BPS significantly increased length (p = 0.00), weight (p = 0.00), specific growth rate (p = 0.00), female preponderance (p = 0.003), mortality (p = 0.017), ammonia excretion (p = 0.00), and aggression (p = 0.00) in zebrafish compared to control. Both bisphenols significantly reduced fish swimming speed in a comparable manner (p = 0.001). A notably higher female-biased-sex ratio was observed in BPS than in BPA (p = 0.003). The length gain (p = 0.014) and aggression (p = 0.032) were higher in BPA-treated fish than in BPS. However, a significant difference was not shown in body mass index (p = 0.295) and condition factor (p = 0.256) between bisphenols and control (p < 0.05). BPA and BPS exposure led to hyperplasia, mucous secretion, aneurism in fish gills, vacuolization and necrosis in liver. Therefore, BPS (~ 50 µg/L) also imposes noteworthy threats to aquatic wildlife, emphasizing the necessity of toxicity assessments and regular monitoring aiming at bespoken environmental standards for freshwater.