<p>This study aims to investigate the contradiction between the growing demand for ecosystem services and the degradation of these services due to urbanization. Within the context of ecological civilization construction and the “dual carbon” goals, research on the carbon sequestration function of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly significant. Utilizing land-use data from 2000 to 2022, this study employs Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model’s Carbon module to estimate the carbon stock in Pingshan County, using it as a representative example. Geological environmental factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, and degree of relief, were considered with the distribution of geological hazard points and the implementation of relevant policies. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken to examine the variations in carbon stock in Pingshan County. The results demonstrate a consistent increase in carbon stock from 2000 to 2022. The geological environment exerts the most significant influence on carbon stock, followed by land-use types, while geological disasters have the least impact. This paper studies the changes in carbon storage and its driving factors in Pingshan County from multiple perspectives. It not only provides theoretical basis and new ideas for the ecological environment protection of Pingshan County, enriching the research results on the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems, but also offers guidance for promoting human-land harmonious development, advancing ecological civilization construction, and achieving sustainable development.</p>