<p>As industrial economic growth accelerates in China, it becomes critically significant to equilibrate the dynamics between energy use efficiency and industrial agglomeration to enhance the industrial economy’s sustainable progression. Based on the data of 280 cities above the prefecture level in China covering the period from 2010 to 2020, this study provides a comprehensive measurement of energy use efficiency and industrial agglomeration levels in China. Meanwhile, based on system theory ideas, a coupled coordination model is constructed to measure the coupled characteristics of energy use efficiency and industrial agglomeration. To comprehensively analyse the differential development of coupling coordination, heterogeneous features such as the temporal trend, variability, spatial correlation, and the dynamic of the coupling coordination level between energy use and industrial agglomeration are revealed from a dual perspective involving eight regions at the city level and various city economic scales. The findings show that (1) China’s coordinated development of energy efficiency and industrial agglomeration is generally good, and it exhibits cyclical fluctuations and regional heterogeneity. The east and south coasts and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River perform well in this regard, while the northwest and northeast show weaker performance. The level of coordination is positively related to the size of the urban economy. (2) Energy efficiency lags behind industrial agglomeration, which is the main cause of the dissonance between them. Low-level coupling is common. (3) The level of coordinated development exhibits a balanced regional distribution, but local differences are obvious; Furthermore, a significant level of spatial correlation between regions is expected to promote the balanced development of regional coordination through the deepening of exchanges.</p>