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<p>This study presents a novel electrochemical immunosensor designed for the highly sensitive detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The sensor utilizes gold nanostructures grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes through a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated electrochemical process. Fabrication involves a two-step immobilization strategy, combining physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a gold thin film with thermal annealing. The nanostructured electrode is subsequently modified electrochemically via PEG mediation, followed by antibody functionalization to enhance binding specificity. PEG-mediated control over nanostructure growth yields irregular short nanorods and leaf-like dendrites, significantly enhancing sensor performance. Extensive electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, confirm improved sensitivity and stability. The optimized immunosensor achieves an ultralow detection limit of 6&#xa0;fg/mL (corresponding to ~ 9500 VEGF molecules in 60 µL, and a broad linear detection range of 10&#xa0;fg/mL to 10⁵ fg/mL, with excellent reproducibility. Given VEGF’s pivotal role in angiogenesis and tumor progression, this ultrasensitive platform offers a promising tool for early cancer diagnostics.</p>

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Femtogram-level VEGF detection via PEG-directed gold nanostructured electrochemical immunosensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Badrossadat Mirmohamadi,
  • Ahmad Moshaii,
  • Sadaf Yarjoo,
  • Hossein Siampour,
  • Salim al-Hafyan,
  • Reza H. Sajedi

摘要

This study presents a novel electrochemical immunosensor designed for the highly sensitive detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The sensor utilizes gold nanostructures grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes through a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated electrochemical process. Fabrication involves a two-step immobilization strategy, combining physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a gold thin film with thermal annealing. The nanostructured electrode is subsequently modified electrochemically via PEG mediation, followed by antibody functionalization to enhance binding specificity. PEG-mediated control over nanostructure growth yields irregular short nanorods and leaf-like dendrites, significantly enhancing sensor performance. Extensive electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, confirm improved sensitivity and stability. The optimized immunosensor achieves an ultralow detection limit of 6 fg/mL (corresponding to ~ 9500 VEGF molecules in 60 µL, and a broad linear detection range of 10 fg/mL to 10⁵ fg/mL, with excellent reproducibility. Given VEGF’s pivotal role in angiogenesis and tumor progression, this ultrasensitive platform offers a promising tool for early cancer diagnostics.