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<p>This paper presents an energy-efficient power distribution mechanism for the sensor block in IoT nodes, which are typically battery-powered and designed to perform environmental sensing and periodic data transmission. While prior research has primarily focused on optimizing the radio module to minimize energy consumption, the continuous power supply to the sensor block—and the resulting leakage current—has received comparatively little attention. This oversight contributes to unnecessary energy loss and degrades network performance, including reduced data reliability and node availability. To address this challenge, an Adaptive Switching Mechanism (ASM) based on P-channel MOSFET high-side switching is proposed to dynamically control power delivery to the sensor block. Simulation results show that the proposed ASM can reduce energy consumption by up to 79.25% and improve runtime by 381.96% compared to conventional sensor node designs. Furthermore, the switching energy is significantly lower than that of low-side switching using N-channel MOSFETs. Experimental validation in a real-world application confirms these findings, demonstrating an energy reduction of up to 70.96% and a battery runtime improvement of approximately 244.31%.</p>

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Energy-efficient architecture for perception layer of IoT system

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Kamarul Hafiz Kamaludin,
  • Widad Ismail

摘要

This paper presents an energy-efficient power distribution mechanism for the sensor block in IoT nodes, which are typically battery-powered and designed to perform environmental sensing and periodic data transmission. While prior research has primarily focused on optimizing the radio module to minimize energy consumption, the continuous power supply to the sensor block—and the resulting leakage current—has received comparatively little attention. This oversight contributes to unnecessary energy loss and degrades network performance, including reduced data reliability and node availability. To address this challenge, an Adaptive Switching Mechanism (ASM) based on P-channel MOSFET high-side switching is proposed to dynamically control power delivery to the sensor block. Simulation results show that the proposed ASM can reduce energy consumption by up to 79.25% and improve runtime by 381.96% compared to conventional sensor node designs. Furthermore, the switching energy is significantly lower than that of low-side switching using N-channel MOSFETs. Experimental validation in a real-world application confirms these findings, demonstrating an energy reduction of up to 70.96% and a battery runtime improvement of approximately 244.31%.