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<p>In zootoxinology, drugs such as anesthetics and secretion enhancers are used to increase venom yields, but it is unclear whether this affects the venom composition. After injection of ketamine and pilocarpine into two non-front-fanged snakes, mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of both drugs and their metabolites in the venoms. The quantified high concentrations raise concerns about potential interference in bioassays and pharmacological studies, highlighting the need to consider extraction additives in venom research to ensure unbiased results.</p>

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Ketamine and metabolites in snake venom: effects of venom extraction and potential impact on animal models

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Kerstin Damm,
  • Christoph Hartwig,
  • Andreas Vilcinskas,
  • Stephen P. Mackessy,
  • Tim Lüddecke,
  • Maik Damm

摘要

In zootoxinology, drugs such as anesthetics and secretion enhancers are used to increase venom yields, but it is unclear whether this affects the venom composition. After injection of ketamine and pilocarpine into two non-front-fanged snakes, mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of both drugs and their metabolites in the venoms. The quantified high concentrations raise concerns about potential interference in bioassays and pharmacological studies, highlighting the need to consider extraction additives in venom research to ensure unbiased results.