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<p>Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) fillets, like many fish products, are highly perishable and require effective natural preservation strategies. This study compared the preservative efficacy of nanoemulsions derived from ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) essential oil (GEO-NE) and crude aqueous extract (GE-NE), both formulated using ultrasonic homogenization. The nanoemulsions were first characterized for particle size distribution via dynamic light scattering (DLS), chemical composition via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in vitro antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 25922). The optimal formulation (GEO-NE1) and GE-NE were then applied as coatings to tilapia fillets, which were stored at 4&#xa0;°C and evaluated over 14 days for microbial (mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts) and chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen [TVB-N] and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) changes. Characterization revealed that GEO-NE was stable and monodisperse with a uniform particle diameter of 123.9&#xa0;nm, whereas GE-NE was unstable and polydisperse (particle sizes ranging from 100.8&#xa0;nm to &gt; 5000&#xa0;nm). GC-MS identified Sabinene (13.30%), E-Citral (11.47%), Z-Citral (10.70%), and Camphene (9.93%) as key GEO compounds. GEO-NE1 demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity (MIC/MBC: 125&#xa0;µg/mL vs. <i>S. aureus</i>, 250&#xa0;µg/mL vs. <i>E. coli</i>), whereas GE-NE was significantly weaker (MIC/MBC: 1000&#xa0;µg/mL for both). During storage, GEO-NE1 significantly suppressed microbial growth, maintaining mesophilic counts at 6.78 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g by day 14 compared to the control (8.86 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g), and inhibited chemical spoilage, with final TVB-N and TBARS values of 26.8&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g and 0.16&#xa0;mg MDA/kg, respectively, significantly lower than controls (44.6&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g and 0.48&#xa0;mg MDA/kg). GE-NE showed only a minor effect (e.g., 7.42 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g mesophilic count) but was far less effective. These findings confirm the functional superiority of the stable GEO-NE and highlight the importance of physical stability in preservative nanoemulsions.</p>

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Ginger essential oil nanoemulsions outperform ginger extract nanoemulsions in extending the shelf life of tilapia fillets

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Arsham Soleimaninejad,
  • Hamed Ahari,
  • Amirali Anvar,
  • Sara Allahyaribeik

摘要

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets, like many fish products, are highly perishable and require effective natural preservation strategies. This study compared the preservative efficacy of nanoemulsions derived from ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil (GEO-NE) and crude aqueous extract (GE-NE), both formulated using ultrasonic homogenization. The nanoemulsions were first characterized for particle size distribution via dynamic light scattering (DLS), chemical composition via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The optimal formulation (GEO-NE1) and GE-NE were then applied as coatings to tilapia fillets, which were stored at 4 °C and evaluated over 14 days for microbial (mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts) and chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen [TVB-N] and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) changes. Characterization revealed that GEO-NE was stable and monodisperse with a uniform particle diameter of 123.9 nm, whereas GE-NE was unstable and polydisperse (particle sizes ranging from 100.8 nm to > 5000 nm). GC-MS identified Sabinene (13.30%), E-Citral (11.47%), Z-Citral (10.70%), and Camphene (9.93%) as key GEO compounds. GEO-NE1 demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity (MIC/MBC: 125 µg/mL vs. S. aureus, 250 µg/mL vs. E. coli), whereas GE-NE was significantly weaker (MIC/MBC: 1000 µg/mL for both). During storage, GEO-NE1 significantly suppressed microbial growth, maintaining mesophilic counts at 6.78 log10 CFU/g by day 14 compared to the control (8.86 log10 CFU/g), and inhibited chemical spoilage, with final TVB-N and TBARS values of 26.8 mg/100 g and 0.16 mg MDA/kg, respectively, significantly lower than controls (44.6 mg/100 g and 0.48 mg MDA/kg). GE-NE showed only a minor effect (e.g., 7.42 log10 CFU/g mesophilic count) but was far less effective. These findings confirm the functional superiority of the stable GEO-NE and highlight the importance of physical stability in preservative nanoemulsions.