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<p>Calcium phosphate-based bio-ceramics, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), have gained prominence in biomedical engineering due to their biocompatibility and resemblance to natural bone mineral. However, the non-degradability of HA and the rapid resorption of β-TCP pose challenges for bone scaffold applications. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composites, combining HA and β-TCP, offer a promising solution by achieving a controlled degradation profile. In this study, HA-TCP ceramics were fabricated using a novel microwave sintering technique to investigate the influence of ramp temperature rate and soak time on the microstructural and mechanical properties of sintered pellets. A ceramic composite with an 80:20 weight ratio of TCP and HA was prepared, and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder was used to optimize pellet formation. The sintering process was conducted at 1200&#xa0;°C under varying heating rates (15&#xa0;°C/min, 25&#xa0;°C/min, and 35&#xa0;°C/min) and soak times (30, 45, and 60&#xa0;min). Results revealed that a ramp temperature rate of 35&#xa0;°C/min with a soak time of 45&#xa0;min achieved optimal outcomes, including reduced porosity (26.158%) and increased compressive strength (39.15&#xa0;MPa). Higher heating for a longer time leads to phase change from β-TCP to α-TCP. Additionally, prolonged soak time during slow cooling resulted in phase transformations from α-TCP to β-TCP, which impacted the mechanical properties. Microwave sintering demonstrated significant advantages, including reduced processing time, energy efficiency, and enhanced densification. This study establishes optimized parameters for the fabrication of HA-TCP ceramics with tailored porosity and mechanical properties, providing a foundation for the development of advanced bone scaffolds in biomedical engineering.</p>

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Influence of heating rate and soak time on microwave sintered hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics for bone applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月11日

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  • Bhupesh Sarode,
  • Abhaykumar Kuthe,
  • Ankush D. Bhishnurkar,
  • Ashutosh D. Bagde

摘要

Calcium phosphate-based bio-ceramics, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), have gained prominence in biomedical engineering due to their biocompatibility and resemblance to natural bone mineral. However, the non-degradability of HA and the rapid resorption of β-TCP pose challenges for bone scaffold applications. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composites, combining HA and β-TCP, offer a promising solution by achieving a controlled degradation profile. In this study, HA-TCP ceramics were fabricated using a novel microwave sintering technique to investigate the influence of ramp temperature rate and soak time on the microstructural and mechanical properties of sintered pellets. A ceramic composite with an 80:20 weight ratio of TCP and HA was prepared, and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder was used to optimize pellet formation. The sintering process was conducted at 1200 °C under varying heating rates (15 °C/min, 25 °C/min, and 35 °C/min) and soak times (30, 45, and 60 min). Results revealed that a ramp temperature rate of 35 °C/min with a soak time of 45 min achieved optimal outcomes, including reduced porosity (26.158%) and increased compressive strength (39.15 MPa). Higher heating for a longer time leads to phase change from β-TCP to α-TCP. Additionally, prolonged soak time during slow cooling resulted in phase transformations from α-TCP to β-TCP, which impacted the mechanical properties. Microwave sintering demonstrated significant advantages, including reduced processing time, energy efficiency, and enhanced densification. This study establishes optimized parameters for the fabrication of HA-TCP ceramics with tailored porosity and mechanical properties, providing a foundation for the development of advanced bone scaffolds in biomedical engineering.