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<p>The sustainable fabrication of multifunctional nanocomposites remains a major challenge in environmental nanotechnology. In this study, a selenium-doped Au/ZnO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite (GW@Se-AZF) was successfully synthesized through a green-mediated route using <i>Geranium wallichianum</i> extract, which acted simultaneously as a reducing and stabilising agent. Structural and functional characterization confirmed the multiphase composition and nanoscale features of the product. UV–Vis analysis revealed a surface Plasmon resonance peak corresponding to Au incorporation, while FTIR spectra indicated phytochemical capping groups and metal–oxygen vibrations. XRD confirmed crystalline phases of ZnO, Fe₃O₄, Au, and Se with an average crystallite size of ~ 22&#xa0;nm. SEM images demonstrated quasi-spherical, uniformly distributed nanoparticles (NPs), and EDX confirmed the elemental presence of Zn, Fe, Au, Se, and O. Functionally, the GW@Se-AZF nanocomposite exhibited dual performance. It showed highly selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of Hg²⁺ ions with a detection limit of 92.7 nM, attributable to synergistic interactions between Se doping and Au NPs. GW@Se-AZF demonstrated efficient photocatalytic activity under sunlight, achieving rapid degradation of organic dyes including methylene blue (≈ 91%), methyl orange (≈ 89%), and methyl violet (≈ 90%) within 60&#xa0;min. This work demonstrates a sustainable strategy for developing multifunctional nanocomposites with integrated sensing, photocatalytic, and magnetic properties, offering significant potential for water purification and heavy metal monitoring in real environmental systems.</p>

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Phytomediated selenium doped Au/ZnO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites for synergistic photocatalytic dye degradation and Mercury(II) detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Sher Ullah,
  • Tooba,
  • Nasir Assad,
  • Maria Kanwal,
  • Minahil shehzad,
  • Memoona Mukhtar,
  • Areeba Sana,
  • Mohammad Shariq,
  • Dawit Kifle,
  • Muhammad Naeem-ul-Hassan,
  • Muhammad Sher

摘要

The sustainable fabrication of multifunctional nanocomposites remains a major challenge in environmental nanotechnology. In this study, a selenium-doped Au/ZnO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite (GW@Se-AZF) was successfully synthesized through a green-mediated route using Geranium wallichianum extract, which acted simultaneously as a reducing and stabilising agent. Structural and functional characterization confirmed the multiphase composition and nanoscale features of the product. UV–Vis analysis revealed a surface Plasmon resonance peak corresponding to Au incorporation, while FTIR spectra indicated phytochemical capping groups and metal–oxygen vibrations. XRD confirmed crystalline phases of ZnO, Fe₃O₄, Au, and Se with an average crystallite size of ~ 22 nm. SEM images demonstrated quasi-spherical, uniformly distributed nanoparticles (NPs), and EDX confirmed the elemental presence of Zn, Fe, Au, Se, and O. Functionally, the GW@Se-AZF nanocomposite exhibited dual performance. It showed highly selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of Hg²⁺ ions with a detection limit of 92.7 nM, attributable to synergistic interactions between Se doping and Au NPs. GW@Se-AZF demonstrated efficient photocatalytic activity under sunlight, achieving rapid degradation of organic dyes including methylene blue (≈ 91%), methyl orange (≈ 89%), and methyl violet (≈ 90%) within 60 min. This work demonstrates a sustainable strategy for developing multifunctional nanocomposites with integrated sensing, photocatalytic, and magnetic properties, offering significant potential for water purification and heavy metal monitoring in real environmental systems.