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<p>Using a green freeze gelation and genipin crosslinking technique, chitosan (C), kaolinite (K), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles were combined to create CK–CNF–Fe cryogel beads, a novel magnetic composite. Freeze gelation was used to create the beads, which were then cross linked using genipin, a non-toxic natural cross linker, and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles were included in situ. The addition of genipin guarantees the material’s safe application in wastewater treatment while also enhancing its eco-friendliness. With an average pore width of about 11&#xa0;μm, an average bead diameter of 1.7&#xa0;mm, and a specific surface area of 230&#xa0;m² g⁻¹, the beads displayed a macroporous three dimensional structure. The maximum adsorption capacity was 812&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ at pH 7 and 298&#xa0;K in batch adsorption studies using Methylene Blue (MB, 150&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), which fit the Langmuir isotherm model (R² &gt; 0.995). 95% equilibrium absorption was reached in 22&#xa0;min, and adsorption proceeded according to pseudo second order kinetics (k₂ = 0.016&#xa0;g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹). Using a 0.3 T magnet, the beads’ great magnetic responsiveness (saturation magnetization, Mₛ = 20 emu g⁻¹) allowed for &gt; 99% recovery in less than 35&#xa0;s. &gt;90% dye desorption during regeneration at pH 2 was made possible by the pH-responsive swelling behavior, which ranged from 500% (pH 3) to 880% (pH 10). Surprisingly, after six adsorption desorption cycles, the beads retained more than 90% of their adsorption effectiveness. These results highlight CK–CNF–Fe cryogel beads as eco-friendly, high performance, and magnetically retrievable adsorbents with excellent reusability for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>

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Magnetic chitosan kaolinite cellulose nanofibril cryogel beads for efficient removal of methylene blue from water

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Eman Fayad,
  • Maha Alsunbul,
  • Reem S. Alazragi,
  • A. Ebada,
  • H. S. Ali,
  • Mahmoud F. Mubarak

摘要

Using a green freeze gelation and genipin crosslinking technique, chitosan (C), kaolinite (K), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were combined to create CK–CNF–Fe cryogel beads, a novel magnetic composite. Freeze gelation was used to create the beads, which were then cross linked using genipin, a non-toxic natural cross linker, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were included in situ. The addition of genipin guarantees the material’s safe application in wastewater treatment while also enhancing its eco-friendliness. With an average pore width of about 11 μm, an average bead diameter of 1.7 mm, and a specific surface area of 230 m² g⁻¹, the beads displayed a macroporous three dimensional structure. The maximum adsorption capacity was 812 mg g⁻¹ at pH 7 and 298 K in batch adsorption studies using Methylene Blue (MB, 150 mg L⁻¹), which fit the Langmuir isotherm model (R² > 0.995). 95% equilibrium absorption was reached in 22 min, and adsorption proceeded according to pseudo second order kinetics (k₂ = 0.016 g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹). Using a 0.3 T magnet, the beads’ great magnetic responsiveness (saturation magnetization, Mₛ = 20 emu g⁻¹) allowed for > 99% recovery in less than 35 s. >90% dye desorption during regeneration at pH 2 was made possible by the pH-responsive swelling behavior, which ranged from 500% (pH 3) to 880% (pH 10). Surprisingly, after six adsorption desorption cycles, the beads retained more than 90% of their adsorption effectiveness. These results highlight CK–CNF–Fe cryogel beads as eco-friendly, high performance, and magnetically retrievable adsorbents with excellent reusability for sustainable wastewater treatment.