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<p>Nanofluids offer superior heat transfer compared to conventional automotive coolants, with further improvements achievable through particle hybridization and particle shape effects. This study numerically investigates the thermal performance of a ruffled-fin radiator using ternary hybrid nanofluids composed of ZnO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, MWCNTs, graphene, Fe, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles at varying volume fractions. Combinations such as Fe/Cu/Ag, Fe/Cu/ZnO, and Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> enhanced convective heat transfer, as reflected in increased Nusselt numbers and overall heat transfer coefficients. Increasing the volume fraction reduced outlet coolant temperature, with an optimal nanofluid achieving a 44.6% temperature drop at the engine outlet. The performance index, defined as a composite measure of heat transfer and cooling efficiency, decreased by 5.8–11.7% across the eight ternary nanofluids, with non-metallic oxides exhibiting the smallest reduction. These results demonstrate the role of ternary hybrid nanofluids in improving radiator cooling while indicating efficiency trade-offs at higher volume fractions.</p>

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Optimized nanofluid coolants enhance thermal performance in ruffled fin automotive radiators

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Ferdinard Dika Oshionebo,
  • Doga Kavaz,
  • Dilber Uzun Ozsahin,
  • Michael Adedeji,
  • Berna Uzun,
  • Mustafa Dagbasi,
  • Humphrey Adun

摘要

Nanofluids offer superior heat transfer compared to conventional automotive coolants, with further improvements achievable through particle hybridization and particle shape effects. This study numerically investigates the thermal performance of a ruffled-fin radiator using ternary hybrid nanofluids composed of ZnO, Al2O3, TiO2, MWCNTs, graphene, Fe, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles at varying volume fractions. Combinations such as Fe/Cu/Ag, Fe/Cu/ZnO, and Ag/Al2O3/TiO2 enhanced convective heat transfer, as reflected in increased Nusselt numbers and overall heat transfer coefficients. Increasing the volume fraction reduced outlet coolant temperature, with an optimal nanofluid achieving a 44.6% temperature drop at the engine outlet. The performance index, defined as a composite measure of heat transfer and cooling efficiency, decreased by 5.8–11.7% across the eight ternary nanofluids, with non-metallic oxides exhibiting the smallest reduction. These results demonstrate the role of ternary hybrid nanofluids in improving radiator cooling while indicating efficiency trade-offs at higher volume fractions.