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<p>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are toxic disinfection by-products formed during water chlorination. This study presents an optimized method for the trace determination of five HAAs: monochloro-, dichloro-, trichloro-, mono-, and dibromoacetic acids, using an on-line isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis (ITP–CZE) with UV detection at 200&#xa0;nm. To enhance the sensitivity, a pre-column liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) step was introduced for sample preconcentration. The combined ITP pre-focusing and optimized background electrolyte containing 3-(N, N-dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate enabled baseline separation of all analytes at pH 3.4. Method validation showed excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.998), precisions (CVs ≤ 7%), and recoveries (82–118%), all within the U.S. EPA acceptable range (70–130% recovery, CV ≤ 20%). Incorporation of the LLE step reduced detection limits to 0.6–3.2&#xa0;µg/L, well below the regulatory threshold of 60&#xa0;µg/L for the total HAA concentration in drinking water. The validated method was successfully applied to tap and bottled water samples. This ITP–CZE–LLE approach offers a rapid, selective, and environmentally friendly alternative to chromatographic techniques for monitoring HAAs in water quality control.</p>

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Enhanced trace detection of haloacetic acids in water using on-line isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with liquid–liquid extraction

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Massoud Kaykhaii,
  • Marián Masár

摘要

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are toxic disinfection by-products formed during water chlorination. This study presents an optimized method for the trace determination of five HAAs: monochloro-, dichloro-, trichloro-, mono-, and dibromoacetic acids, using an on-line isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis (ITP–CZE) with UV detection at 200 nm. To enhance the sensitivity, a pre-column liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) step was introduced for sample preconcentration. The combined ITP pre-focusing and optimized background electrolyte containing 3-(N, N-dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate enabled baseline separation of all analytes at pH 3.4. Method validation showed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.998), precisions (CVs ≤ 7%), and recoveries (82–118%), all within the U.S. EPA acceptable range (70–130% recovery, CV ≤ 20%). Incorporation of the LLE step reduced detection limits to 0.6–3.2 µg/L, well below the regulatory threshold of 60 µg/L for the total HAA concentration in drinking water. The validated method was successfully applied to tap and bottled water samples. This ITP–CZE–LLE approach offers a rapid, selective, and environmentally friendly alternative to chromatographic techniques for monitoring HAAs in water quality control.