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<p> <i>α</i>-Glucosidase inhibitors are widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by delaying carbohydrate digestion and reducing postprandial blood glucose levels. However, current drugs suffer from limited efficacy and gastrointestinal side effects, highlighting the need for novel inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity. In this study, a novel series of 5,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidin-6-amines <b>9a-9t</b> was designed and prepared through an efficient, straightforward synthetic route. Subsequently, they were evaluated for their <i>α</i>-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with compound <b>9s</b> exhibiting the most potent inhibition (IC<sub>50</sub> = 24.32 ± 0.18 µM), outperforming acarbose by over 30-fold. Enzyme kinetics revealed a competitive inhibition mode, and selectivity assays confirmed minimal <i>α</i>-amylase inhibition. Spectroscopic analyses (CD and fluorescence) demonstrated significant conformational changes in α-glucosidase upon ligand binding, suggesting structural stabilization and reduced flexibility. Molecular docking and 200-ns MD simulations confirmed persistent hydrophobic and halogen-bond interactions, particularly with residues Phe303, Arg315, and Gln182. Additionally, a BERT-based deep learning model with SMILES augmentation accurately predicted the biological activity of synthesized compounds, validating our computational pipeline. These findings highlight [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidines as promising scaffolds for the development of selective and potent α-glucosidase inhibitors.</p>

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Identification of novel triazolopyrimidines as potent α-glucosidase inhibitor through design, synthesis, biological evaluations, and computational analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Fariba Peytam,
  • Maryam Norouzbahari,
  • Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan,
  • Faezeh Sadat Hosseini,
  • Mahdis Sadeghi Moghadam,
  • Somayeh Mojtabavi,
  • Mohammad Ali Faramarzi,
  • Fahimeh Ghasemi,
  • Mohammadreza Torabi,
  • Seyed Esmaeil Sadat-Ebrahimi,
  • Maliheh Barazandeh Tehrani,
  • Loghman Firoozpour,
  • Alireza Foroumadi

摘要

α-Glucosidase inhibitors are widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by delaying carbohydrate digestion and reducing postprandial blood glucose levels. However, current drugs suffer from limited efficacy and gastrointestinal side effects, highlighting the need for novel inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity. In this study, a novel series of 5,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-amines 9a-9t was designed and prepared through an efficient, straightforward synthetic route. Subsequently, they were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with compound 9s exhibiting the most potent inhibition (IC50 = 24.32 ± 0.18 µM), outperforming acarbose by over 30-fold. Enzyme kinetics revealed a competitive inhibition mode, and selectivity assays confirmed minimal α-amylase inhibition. Spectroscopic analyses (CD and fluorescence) demonstrated significant conformational changes in α-glucosidase upon ligand binding, suggesting structural stabilization and reduced flexibility. Molecular docking and 200-ns MD simulations confirmed persistent hydrophobic and halogen-bond interactions, particularly with residues Phe303, Arg315, and Gln182. Additionally, a BERT-based deep learning model with SMILES augmentation accurately predicted the biological activity of synthesized compounds, validating our computational pipeline. These findings highlight [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as promising scaffolds for the development of selective and potent α-glucosidase inhibitors.