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<p>This study investigates the antifungal properties of a liquid Cinchona-Based Formulation (CBF) against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>. CBF, a stable acidic extract of Cinchona bark (0.1&#xa0;N HCl), effectively suppressed mycelial growth (58.75 ± 0.48%) and sclerotia biomass (22.1 ± 0.65&#xa0;mg), with an EC<sub>50</sub> of 217.14&#xa0;µg/mL. GC-MS and HPLC revealed quinine as the primary active alkaloid. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of quinine to the fungal tryptophan (Trp) transporters (−&#xa0;6.5 to −&#xa0;7.8 Kcal/mol). Supplementation of 400&#xa0;µg/mL Trp in the media reversed the fungal growth with increased fungal dry weight (33.33 ± 1.53&#xa0;mg), and sclerotia weight (67.67 ± 3.06&#xa0;mg), highlighting Trp starvation as a key factor for reduced growth of the fungus. Expression of amino acid permease (rhAAP-I/II) increased 4–9 fold during Trp scarcity in fungus. CBF also elevated levels of ROS, which results in loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP). CBF reduced Cyt. P450 expression (2.73-fold) while increasing mitochondrial QCR and COX expression, indicating a combined impact of Trp scarcity and oxidative stress, demonstrating a dual antifungal mechanism of the CBF on the fungus. These results suggest CBF as a promising eco-friendly biopesticide for long-term disease management.</p>

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Cinchona-based liquid formulation exhibits antifungal activity through Tryptophan starvation and disruption of mitochondrial respiration in Rhizoctonia Solani

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Simanta Das,
  • Srinjoy Ghosh,
  • Kumaresh Pal,
  • Moumita Chakraborty,
  • Surajit Khalko,
  • Sk. Masudul Islam,
  • Samuel Rai,
  • Ashok Choudhury,
  • Nandita Sahana,
  • Somnath Mandal

摘要

This study investigates the antifungal properties of a liquid Cinchona-Based Formulation (CBF) against Rhizoctonia solani. CBF, a stable acidic extract of Cinchona bark (0.1 N HCl), effectively suppressed mycelial growth (58.75 ± 0.48%) and sclerotia biomass (22.1 ± 0.65 mg), with an EC50 of 217.14 µg/mL. GC-MS and HPLC revealed quinine as the primary active alkaloid. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of quinine to the fungal tryptophan (Trp) transporters (− 6.5 to − 7.8 Kcal/mol). Supplementation of 400 µg/mL Trp in the media reversed the fungal growth with increased fungal dry weight (33.33 ± 1.53 mg), and sclerotia weight (67.67 ± 3.06 mg), highlighting Trp starvation as a key factor for reduced growth of the fungus. Expression of amino acid permease (rhAAP-I/II) increased 4–9 fold during Trp scarcity in fungus. CBF also elevated levels of ROS, which results in loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP). CBF reduced Cyt. P450 expression (2.73-fold) while increasing mitochondrial QCR and COX expression, indicating a combined impact of Trp scarcity and oxidative stress, demonstrating a dual antifungal mechanism of the CBF on the fungus. These results suggest CBF as a promising eco-friendly biopesticide for long-term disease management.